250 Appendix. 



DISTRIBUTION AND SPREAD. 



The original home of tlijs insect was most prohably in southeastern Europe 

 — the home of tlie apple. It has followed closely the distribution of the apple 

 until it is now found in almost every country in the world, and is injurious in 

 every apple-growing section of any importance in the T'nited States. 



It Is spread principally by the shipping of infested fruits. When the fruit 

 is picked and packed the young larvae are often inside, and when they complete 

 their development they crawl out of the fruit and spin cocoons. When the moths 

 emerge they tly to the nearest orchard and deposit their eggs. When orchards 

 are but little distance apart the moths fly from one to another. The system 

 of returning empty boxes in which apples have been seen to market has. in 

 many localities, hastened the local distribution. 



FRUITS INFESTED. 



The apple is the natural food of this insect and sustains almost all the loss 

 occasioned by it. In most localities the Winesap and Uawver apples are usually 

 attacked than other varieties, while the Pewaukee and Ortley varieties are 

 usually badly attacked. The resistance of these and other varieties is varialile 

 and depends upon many local conditions. Pears are next in the order of in- 

 festation. If apples are present, pears are usually not badly infested, but if 

 there are few apples and large numbers of the insect, the pears suffer a heavy 

 loss. This insect has been noted feeding on the quince, prune, plum, peach, and 

 cherry, but never in sufficient numbers to cause any great amount of injury. 



LIFE HISTORY OF THE INSEPT. 



A good knowledge of the life history of this insect is the first essential to 

 its control. Every fruitgrower should familiarize himself with its different stages 

 or studying theinsect in his own orchard. 



HIBERNATION. 



The codling moth passes the winter in the larval stage. The larvae may be 

 found encased in silken cocoons in cracks and holes in the trees and in houses 

 where apples have been stored. In the spring these larvae change to pupae, 

 from which the moths emerge about a week after the apple is in blossom. 



THE MOTH. 



The adult insect or moth is but little known among fruitgrowers and 

 other moths are often mistaken for it. It varies somewhat In size, but the 

 maximum spread of its wings is about three-fourths of an inch. The front 

 wings are of a brownish-gray color and are crossed with lines of gray scales, 

 giving them the appearance of watered silk At the tips of the wings there is a 

 large brown spot, in which are many scales of bronze or gold. The hind wings 

 are grayish brown in color. Taken as a whole, tlie coloring of tlie moth is such 

 that when resting on old grayish bask it is so like the bark that it is not easily 

 distinguished. 



The moth lay her eggs a few days after emergence on the leaves of apple 

 or other food plant, or on the fruit. A majority of the eggs of the first genera- 

 tion are laid on the leaves, while the greater part of those of the second genera- 

 tion are laid upon the fruit. 



THE EGG. 



The eggs of this Insect were never noted until within comparatively recent 



years. They are of a pearly white color and are like thin convex disks. Around 



the edge there is a coarse network of ridges, while toward the center these 

 ridges are finer. 



