The Control of the Codling Moth. 251 



A red ring, which indicates the embryo, appears in tlie egg a few days after 

 it is laid. In about eleven days (varying somewhat with temperature) the 

 young larva, breaks its way out of the shell and seeks to enter the fruit. 



THE LARVA. 



This is the most important stage of the insect, for not only does it do its 

 injury in the larvel condition, but that is the stage in which it is most amenal)le 

 to remedial measures. 



Recent work tends to show that a large number of the larvae which hatcli 

 from eggs deposited on the leaves eat small portions of the leaves before finding 

 fruit. The larvae have some difficulty in entering the smooth sides of the fruit : 

 hence they usually enter at the calyx or take advantage of some irregularity 

 in the surface. About 80 per cent of the larvae of the first generation enter 

 the fruit by way of the calyx, while the majority of the second generation enter 

 at the sides, especially where fruits are touching. Upon entering the fruit, the 

 larva feeds immediately under the surface for a few days and then commences a 

 tunnel toward the center of the fruit, where it eats out a large cavity. Frass 

 and excrement which are thrown out characterize a wormy fruit. The larva, 

 which is well known to all fruitgrowers, lives in the fruit about twenty days 

 and grows pinkish or whitish, until it is about five-eighths, of an inch in length. 

 (Fig. 1, c), when, being full grown, it makes a tunnel to the outside of the fruit. 

 the entrance of which is filled with frass and silk. When ready to leave the 

 when, being full grown, it makes a tunnel to the outside of the fruit, the entrance 

 of which is filled with frass and silk. When ready to leave the apple this plug 

 is pushed out. The larva then crawls out and immediately seeks a place in which 

 to spin its cocoon. 



THE cocoon. 



The places of spinning the cocoon vary with the surroundings. Cocoons have 

 been observed in the following places : In holes and cracks in the trunks and 

 branches of the trees ; under rough bark ; in the fruits (though rarely) ; in the 

 cracks in the ground around the tree : on or between the clods among the fallen 

 fruit : under bands or anything else resting on or against the tree ; in cracks 

 and angles of the walls and roof of the building in which apples are stored : 

 under shingles of buildings near apple trees ; in fence posts and under pickets of 

 near by fences ; in paper or rubbish on the ground ; and in various other 

 places. The cocoons of the first generation are composed entirely of silk, whib^ 

 in those of the second generation are incorporated bits of wood and bark. The- 

 larvae inside the cocoons transform into pupae in about six days from the timi- 

 of spinning the cocoon. 



THE PUPA. 



The pupa is yellowish at first, but changes to a brown and later to a 

 bronze color. The eyes, antennae, mouth parts, wings, and legs of the adult 

 insect are apparent. The movable abdominal segments are armed with two rows 

 of spines. In about twenty days from the spinning of the cocoon the pupa, 

 aided by the spines, pushes its way out of the cocoon. The pupa, skin splits 

 and the moth emerges, lays its eggs, and gives rise to another generation. The 

 average life cycle of theinsect is about fifty days. 



two rows of spines. In about twenty days from the spinning of the cocoon the 

 pupa, aided by the spines, pushes its way out of the cocoon. The pupa skin splits 

 and the moth emerges (Fig. 1, f}, lays its eggs, and gives rise to another gen- 

 eration. The average life cycle of the insect is about fifty days. 



GENERATIONS OF THE INSECT. 



It has been found that in the principal apple-growing sections of the north- 

 ern part of the United States theinsect has one generation and often a partial 



