252 Appendix. 



second. In the warmer portions of the East and the West two generations are 

 found. In the warmest parts of the West a partial third generation has been 

 distinguished. Where two full generations occur the second is much more 

 numerous and destructive than the first. 



NATURAL ENEMIES. 



There are many natural enemies of the codling moth which may be encour- 

 aged with advantage. It has often been noted that no larvae can be found 

 under the rough bark of the trees in the spring, while many are found in the 

 cracks and holes in the trunks, branches, and stubs. Under the rough bark 

 many cocoons can be found from which the larvae are missing. A telltale hole 

 made by a woodpecker can always be found. Destroying or rendering unsuitable 

 the more secure places for spinning, thus forcing the larvae to spin cocoons 

 where the birds can get them, will result in destroying many of the insects. 



MEASURES USED AGAINST THE CODLING MOTH. 



The first essential in using measures against this insect is for the apple- 

 grower to familiarize himself with its life history. By doing this he is better 

 prepared to understand the remedial measures recommended, and can modify 

 them to suit his local conditions. 



The means of control readily fall into two divisions — (1) preventive meas- 

 ures and (2) remedial measures. 



In many newly settled districts of the West this insect has not yet made 

 its appearance. By keeping all used apple boxes and infested fruit out of the 

 district it may be a long time before the insect obtains a foothold. If it is 

 present in small numbers, it may be practically exterminated by a strenuous 

 application of the measures of control, but if present in great numbers it is im- 

 practicable to attempt its extermination. In many localities, by reason of the 

 cold climate, the injury amounts to but little; in some years it may be no more 

 than 5 per cent, while in others it may amount to 20 per cent. By using 

 methods of control this damage can be materially reduced. 



PREVENTIVE MEASURES. 



Preventive measures are those means of control which are not only eflicient 

 against this insect, but are valuable in increasing the productiveness of the 

 orchard, and the size, appearance, and quality of the fruit. 



ME.VSUEES FOE USE IN OLD ORCHARDS. 



The preventive measures to be used in an orchard that has just come into 

 bearing are quite different from those required in one that has borne fruit for 

 many years. The old neglected orchards are familiar objects in every section 

 of the United States. 



The writer has in mind two such orchards of different types of about 500 

 trees each. One is in the far West in an arid section, and the other is in the 

 East in a humid section. Both are in localities of about the same average tem- 

 perature. The Western orchard is about 18 years old ; the trees are so close 

 together (18 feet) that the branches of one tree touch those of the surround- 

 ing trees. The orchard has not been irrigated for many years : the soil is sandy, 

 and on it grow many weeds ; the bark of the trees is rough, the trunks and 

 branches are cracked, and where branches have been cut off either holes or stubs re- 

 main. From lack of moisture the trees make but little growth and a few have died. 

 The fruit is abundant, but undersized. For the past three seasons this orchard 

 has been under the observation of the writer, and in that time not over three 

 or four boxes of good apples free from the work of the codling moth have been 

 produced. 



