The Control of the Codling Moth. 255 



gested and have been found to be of little or no value : Moth balls hung in the 

 trees and supposed to keep moths away ; smudging orchards with ill-smelling com- 

 pounds : plugging the trees with sulphur : plugging the roots with calomel ; band- 

 ing trees with tarred paper to keep the larvae from crawling up the tree ; trap 

 lanterns ; baiting the moths with mixture of vinegar and molasses ; spraying with 

 ill-smelling compounds ; spraying with water : and electric lights as a repellant 

 of the moth. These so-called remedies have been tried so often that a fruit- 

 grower is simply wasting his time and money when he uses them. 



Sl'R.W'ING WITH AKSEXICAL INSECTICIDES. 



The efficiency of sprays against tliis insect was discovered in spraying for 

 canker worms, wliich feed upon the leaves of the apple. Since that time 

 the machinery and the solutions used in spraying have been greatly improved, 

 and now this method is well known to be the best and most efficient. 



Many farmers have a deeply rooted objection to spraying on general princi- 

 ples. They have never sprayed, and many of them are proud of the fact that 

 they do not spray their orchards, even if they lose the larger part of their 

 fruit which otherwise might have been saved. The more progressive and busi- 

 ness-like apple growers are the staunchest advocates of spraying, and their 

 efforts are uniformly successful. Experience gained by several years of spraying 

 always brings about greater efficiency and a reduction of expenses. A fruitgrower 

 who wishes to begin spraying can well afford to study the spraying operations 

 in other orchards and familiarize himself with the general methods. 



SPRAYING MACHINERY. 



The kind of spraying outfit depends upon many factors, the principal one 

 being the number and size of the trees. 



Hand-power outfits. — For an orchard of 1,000 trees or less the writer would 

 advise the use of a hand-power outfit. The capacity and cost of this machine 

 should depend upon the size of the orchard. There are many excellent makes of 

 spray pumps upon the market, and a pump can be easily chosen to suit the con- 

 ditions in various orchards. The working parts of the better and more ex- 

 pensive pumps are made of brass or bronze. It is desirable that a pressure 

 gauge be attached to the pump, in order that the man pumping may keep up 

 a constant pressure. More than two lines of hose result in confusion and cause 

 loss of time in an orchard. Bamboo or iron extensions should be used in order 

 to reach the tops of the taller trees. There are two types of nozzle, either of 

 which may be used for this work — il) those which give a fan-shaped spray 

 and (2) those which produce a cone-shaped spray. The former is better adapted 

 to long-range work and the latter to close-range work. As many as three or four 

 of these nozzles may be used to advantage on one line of hose, but two is the 

 usual number. It is a great advantage to have the nozzles set at an angle 

 from the axis of the extension, as by simply turning the extension the spra.v 

 can be thrown in all directions among the branches. The spray must be ap- 

 plied with great force (60 to 100 pounds or more) in order that the stream be 

 broken into a fine mist. 



The tank may vary from a 50-gallon barrel to a tank of 250 gallons ca- 

 pacity, which may be mounted on an ordinary wagon ; a barrel may be hauled 

 on a sled. The tanks should be solidly built and held together with iron rods. 

 If the trees are tall, it will be found to be of great advantage to have a plat- 

 form erected on the wagon upon which the men can stand. The capacity of 

 the hand-power outfit depends upon many factors, as distance of water sup- 

 ply, size of trees, and number of men and nozzzles. Three men with a 200-gallon 

 ply, size of trees, and number of men and nozzles. Three men with a 200-gallon 

 average sized trees per day. 



Gasoline-power sprayers. — If an orchard of more than 1,000 trees is to be 

 sprayed, it will be found advisable to use a gasoline-power outfit. Many 



