256 Appendix. 



dealers in spraying apparatus have placed machines of this kind upon the 

 market. A majority of these are well adapted to the work for which they 

 are intended, but many valuable improvements can yet be made which will in- 

 crease the efficiency of these machines with but little cost. .In general, the size 

 of engine to be preferred is one horsepower. The cooling tanks used with the 

 engines are intended to be used when the water can not be renewed frequently, 

 and are about one foot in diameter. In spraying, the water can be renewed 

 often and the weight can be reduced considerably by making these tanks of a 

 much smaller diameter. Purchasers are always given full directions in regard 

 to the care and running of the engine, so that ordinarily but little difficulty 

 is met. The engine is best placed at the rear end of the wagon frame and 

 the pump as near to it as possible. There are several types of pump which 

 can be used in this connection. Brass working parts which can be easily re- 

 moved are preferable. A pressure gauge and a large air chamber are necessities. 

 For filling the tank another pump of the "low-down" type can be used ad- 

 vantageously when the water supply is to be drawn from a stream or irrigating 

 ditch. This extra pump and necessary connections can be purchased for about 

 $20, and in a season will pay for itself many times over by the saving of 

 time and labor. The gasoline engines are usually fitted up for running such a 

 pump by means of a connecting rod which can be attached to the piston of the 

 pump. While filling the tank the spray pump can be disconnected or. more 

 easily, the suction hose can be taken out of the tank. The tank may be 

 made of wood or of galvanized iron. It shoxild be thoroughly braced and should 

 never be made to hold over 1.50 gallons. It should be placed nearest the horses, 

 because of its great weight when full of the spraying solution. The best agitator 

 is a paddle wheel, with paddles placed at an angle on a vertical shaft. By means 

 of bevel gearing and a belt, power is obtained from the engine. The engines, 

 pumps, and tank are mounted on a solid frame, which is placed upon a low 

 wagon. The low steel-wheeled wagons are highly preferable, as the tires, 

 which should never be less than six inches wide, prevent the machine from 

 sinking into the soft earth. Platforms can be built on the sides, upon which 

 the operator can stand. With a bamboo extension and long-range nozzles set 

 at an angle every part of the trees can be easily sprayed. Only two men are 

 needed to operate this outfit : One drives, the othr starts and stops the en- 

 gine, and both spray. With this machine 700 eight-year-old trees can easily be 

 sprayed in one day ; by rushing more may be done. It takes from four to five 

 minutes to fill the 150-gallon tank and from thirty to forty minutes to spray 

 out the same amount on from sixty to eighty trees, using about two and one- 

 half gallons per tree. In an irrigated orchard care must be taken to let the 

 ground become dry before spraying is done, because if the ground is soft the 

 machine may mire down, especially when the tank is full. 



The cost of these machines varies with the cost of the engines and pumps. 

 The machine with which the writer is most familiar cost .$320, including a .$4i> 

 wagon. With good care and proper repairs these machines ought to last many 

 years. In a working day of ten hours a one-horsepower engine consumes about 

 a gallon of gasoline. The engine can be made to pay for itself by other uses 

 which may be made of it, such as running the cider press, the feed cutter, the 

 cream separator, or the wood saw, turning the grindstone, and doing numerous 

 other things. The wagon can be used for other purposes when not needed for 

 spraying. 



SPRAYING MATERIALS FOR USE AGAINST THE CODLING MOTH. 



Coniact insecticides. — The insecticides which kill by touching the insects, 

 such as kerosene emulsion and whale-oil soap, applied frequently, have in a 

 few experiments been found effl ;cient against this insect. O account of the 

 expense and the. necessity for frequent application they have never been used to any 

 extent. 



Arsenical sprays. — The arsenical sprays contain arsenic as the poisonous in- 



