260 Appendix. 



the other two weeks to a month later, when the hirvae are entering the fruit. 

 In eases of bad infestation, when the preventive measures have been neglected, 

 and other spraying may be added. In the West the evidence goes to show that 

 the spraying immediately after the blossoms fall is not so effective as it is in 

 the East. Some are of the opinion that it should be dispensed with ; but in 

 view of our lack of knowledge on this point, the writer does not think that 

 the evidence at hand fully justifies discouraging this spraying in the West. 



The later sprayings are directed against the larvae of the second generation 

 when they are entering the fruit. The time this generation enters the fruit varies 

 with the locality and the seasons in the same locality, but it is asily found by 

 watching the fruit for the first new entrance holes : or spraying may be com- 

 menced about twenty-one days after the date when the largest numbe- of larvne 

 of the first generation are ready to spin the'r cocoons. The larvae of the second 

 generation usually' begin to enter the last week in July, and the majority enter 

 in August, while a few enter in September. The number of sprayings to be 

 made against this second generation depends upon the efficiency of the pre- 

 ventive measures and the early sprayings. Two sprayings are usually sufficient : 

 but if infestation is bad. three should be made. The quantity of lime used in 

 the last spraying should be reduced to the minimum required, as tne lime on 

 the ripe fruit reduces its market value. 



Light showers have but little effect in washing away the spray, but a con- 

 tinued rain or a heavy shower makes it necessary to repeat the spraying. The 

 lead arsenite is less affected by rain than the other compounds. 



The young larvae are killed by the poison they eat before they have 

 entered the fruit. They get 't in the calyx, on the sides of the fruit or on the 

 leaves. Recent work tends to show that a great many get the poison by nibbling 

 the poisoned leaves. 



BANDING. 



The use of bands to trap the full-grown larvae of this insect was the only 

 remedial measure of value before the use of arsenical sprays was discovered. 

 When an orchard has been given good care, preventive measurs have been fully 

 carried out, and spraying is thoroughly done with a gasoline-power outfit, it is 

 unnecessary to use bands. If, however, the trees are old, have cracks and 

 holes in the trunks and branches, and are close together, so that the spraying 

 can not be well done, it is quite necessary to use these bands ; or if it is de- 

 sired to bring the insect under control in a badly infested orchard, the bands 

 can be used with good success as an additional method to spraying. 



Banding for this insect in general is simply offering a good place, in 

 which the larva will spin its cocoon and killing it after it has done so. Cloth 

 bands, from 10 to 12 inches in width, are folded once lengthwise and placed 

 around the tree. They can be fastened in such a way as to be easily removed 

 and replaced by driving a nail through the ends and then nipping off the 

 head at an angle so as to leave a sharp point. If a tree is large, one band should 

 be placed on the trunk and one on each of the larger limbs. Cloth band.s 

 of any heavy, dark-colored stuff are much preferable to bands of hay or pa- 

 per. When bands are used, other places in which the larvae might spin co- 

 coons should be destroyed or rendered unsuitable. It is, of course, a most im- 

 portant point that the larvae which go under the bands be destroyed. To ac- 

 complish this the bands should be inspected regularly at intervals of ten days. 

 At best, banding is but little effective in badly infested localities if used alone. 

 but it is a most valuable adjunct to spraying. 



CONCLUSION. 



The result secured against this insect by these methods under the different 

 conditions found in the various apple sections of the United States are very sat- 

 isfactory. In the infested sections of the far West, if no measures are used, 

 from Sf} to 100 per cent of the fruit is injured. By an intelligent application 

 of these preventive and remedial measures many practical tests show that 

 from 85 to 98 per cent of the fruit may be saved. 



