Appendix. 125 



this time, or even attempted to. I have made the attempt and have as 

 repeatedlj' failed. The first brood runs through very nicely at Corvallis 

 on Washburn's schedule B and the second brood follows it very well until 

 the larvae are fully grown and have left the apples and spun up in their 

 cocoons, but there they remain. Instead of transforming to moths that 

 should deposit eggs for a third brood of larvae they persist in remaining 

 as larvae until the following spring. In other words, instead of four esti- 

 mated broods I find only two actual broods. 



I cannot be so certain regarding the number in eastern Oregon. The 

 Willamette Valley lies wholly within the transitional faunal zone. Parts 

 of eastern Oregon, Washington and Idaho lie In the upper austral. It is 

 possible that there as well as in southern Oregon an additional brood may 

 develop. So far as I can determine from published accounts, however, the 

 development of a third brood has never been proved — it is inferred from 

 the presence of numerous larvae in fruit late in the fall and from band 

 records, both of which may be misleading. Thus Forbes* was lead to 

 suspect the presence of a third brood in southern Illinois in 1886 from the 

 unusual abundance of larvae late in fall, but Le Baronr had bred but two 

 broods at Chicago and Riley:;: had invariably found it double brooded at 

 St. Louis. A third brood has been reported in Kansas and in Nebraska 

 and Gillette was for a time under the impression that it also developed in 

 Colorado, parts of which, together with Kansas and Nebraska, lie in the 

 upper austral zone, but in a recent letter he writes me that there is not 

 the least evidence of even a partial third brood any where in the state. 

 In California, Coquillett'sS notes indicate that it is three brooded, but 

 Koebele|| reports it as two brooded as a rule in the Santa Cruz mountains 

 and that it will not differ in its habits to any extent ihroughout California. 

 Washburn's statements regarding the third and fourth broods at Corvallis 

 is without any foundation of facts; while those of Aldrich and Simpson 

 for Idaho seem to be based principally on band records which may be 

 misleading from the fact that the relative number of larvae found under 

 the bands at different times may depend upon whether the evening tem- 

 perature some four or five weeks previously to the time the record was taken 

 was favorable or not for active egg laying by the moths, as well as upon 

 the appearance of another brood of moths. Cockerell§§ alone seems to 

 have established pretty conclusively the presence of a third brood in parts 

 of New Mexico, but since the moths of this brood began to appear as early 

 as August 21, it is possible that a wrong interpretation has been placed 

 upon the observed facts. So far as the evidence available at present can be 

 relied upon it would seem that the burden of proof still lies with those 

 who maintain the existence of a third brood. One and two broods have 

 been repeatedly bred in various parts of the world. A third or fourth never 



* Fifteenth Report State Entomologist (1885-1S86). 

 ^ Third Report on Insects. 111. 

 t Am. Entomologist. Vol. II (1870). 

 § Bui. 30. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. 

 :i Bui. 22, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. 

 §§ Bui. 25, New Mexico Station. 



