126 Report of State Board of Horticulture. 



has been bred, and I believe it is at least doubtful whether it ever develops. 

 If the number of broods is governed at all by faunal zones it would seem 

 from the evidence that one brood only is to be expected in the boreal zone, 

 a partial or complete second brood in the transition zone and a complete 

 second with a bare possibility of a third brood in the upper austral. 



Whether or not a third brood ever develops is of very little practical 

 importance to fruit growers. Owing to irregularity of development, the 

 different broods so overlap that the insect can be found in all stages during 

 most of the time from July 1 to September 15. The facts remain that 

 throughout this western country the larvae are very abundant late in the 

 season and cause far more loss than all other apple pests combined. There 

 is thus a constant demand from apple growers for information as to the 

 habits of the insect, and the best methods of reducing its ravages. It is 

 the purpose of this bulletin to supply this information and at the same 

 time to record my own observation and experiments. 



DESCRIPTION AND LIFE HISTORY. 



When fully grown in fall, each larvae usually leaves the fruit in which 

 it developed, seeks some secluded spot and spins about itself a silken 

 cocoon in which it passes the winter. Late in March, some of these larvae 

 transform to pupae from which the moths emerge about the first of April, 

 and from this date moths are continually emerging until the first part 

 of July. 



The accompanying illustrations show the size and general characteristics 

 of the moths. They are really beautiful little creatures. The abdomen 

 and the hind wings, which are covered when the insect is at rest, are of 

 a modest greyish brown color. The ground color of the fore wings is 

 similar, but is relieved by transverse, wavy, alternating bands of grey and 

 brown. Perhaps the most characteristic marking is a large golden-bronze 

 spot at the inner hind angle of each front wing. I know of no other 

 common insect with this mark and no insect in which it is absent need 

 be mistaken for the codling moth. The males are further distinguished 

 by a narrow pencil of black hairs on the upper surface of the hind wing 

 and an elongated blackish spot on the under surface of each front wing. 

 Owing to its peculiar coloring which harmonizes well with the color of the 

 bark, and the habit of usually remaining quiet during the daytime, it is 

 rare indeed to find a fruit grower who is acquainted with this beautiful but 

 destructive little insect. Indeed, I find that commonly the most widely 

 divergent ideas are held as to its appearance, and unscrupulous persons 

 rely upon this widespread ignorance to advertise and sell "trap lanterns" 

 and other worthless devices for capturing the moths. Only a slight knowl- 

 edge of the appearance of the moth is needed to convince even the most 

 credulous that the masses of insects caught by such means rarely contain 

 a codling moth. Such a knowledge can readily be obtained oy picking 

 some wormy apples in July or August and placing them in some closed 

 receptacle. In the course of a few weeks the moths will emerge. When 

 once familiar with their appearance one may detect them flitting about the 



