144 Report of State Board of Horticulture. 



the first eggs are deposited, but if it is desired to fight the scab fungus, 

 as well, the orchard should be again sprayed with Bordeaux in ten days or 

 two weeks after the application last mentioned. The poison may also be 

 added to the Bordeaux for this application to kill any leaf-eating insects 

 that may be present. In spraying for apple scab, the idea should be to 

 keep every part of the tree thoroughly protected by Bordeaux from the 

 time the leaves first appear until the spring rains are over. The number 

 and frequencj^ of the applications will necessarily vary with the amount 

 of rainfall. Likewise, in spraying for the codling moth, the idea should 

 be to have every part of every apple coated with poison from the time 

 the first eggs hatch until the fruit is nearly ready to gather. It is not 

 necessary to add poison to the Bordeaux before the petals fall, nor is it 

 necessary to use Bordeaux with the poison after July 1. Between these 

 dates the two should be used together, one pound of Paris green being 

 added to each two hundred gallons of Bordeaux. (Arsenite of lime or the 

 Paris green-London purple mixture can of course be used in place of the 

 Paris green.) 



We have usually obtained better results from Bordeaux mixture by using 

 more lime in its preparation than is commonly recommended. To make 

 fifty gallons of Bordeaux, dissolve six pounds of copper sulphate in twenty- 

 five gallons of water. Slowly slake six to eight pounds of lime (air-slaked 

 lime must not be used) and add enough water to make twenty-five gallons. 

 Then slowly pour the two diluted mixtures together. If much spraying is 

 to be done time can be saved by preparing stock solutions of the copper 

 sulphate and the lime, as follows: Weigh out one hundred pounds of 

 copper sulphate, put it in a coarse sack and hang it near the top in a 

 fifty-gallon cask. Fill the cask with water and allow to stand until the 

 bluestone is all dissolved. Then refill the cask to the fifty-gallon mark. 

 Each gallon of the solution will thus contain two pounds of the copper 

 sulphate. In another fifty-gallon cask slowly slake one hundred pounds of 

 lime, after which add enough water to make fifty gallons. Each gallon 

 will therefore contain two pounds of lime. To prepare fifty gallons of 

 Bordeaux misture, dilute three gallons of the sulphate of copper solution 

 with twenty-two gallons of water. Likewise, dilute three to four gallons 

 of the milk of lime with enough water to make twenty-five gallons. Then 

 pour the two diluted solutions together. Under no conditions should the 

 undiluted stock solutions be mixed. 



OTHER PEEVEKTIVE MEASURES. 



Spraying has come to be the chief means of protecting fruit from injury 

 by the codling moth. In this state it is now practically the only means 

 employed. If it be done intelligently and be persisted in, and if a good 

 quality of poison be used, the result should be at least eighty-five to 

 ninety-five per cent of fruit free from worms. Nevertheless, one should 

 not overlook the facts that smooth trees and clean cultivation are efllcient 

 supplements to spraying; that if sheep or hogs are allowed to run in the 

 orchard, they will devour the fallen fruit with many worms included; that 



