BOTAXICAL ST^RYEY— SUGAR GROYE REGTOX 275 



Together with these are }'oiing individuals of the forest trees and 

 stragglers from other associations which, though frequently abundant 

 here, especially in places where the forest is younger, are gradually 

 suppressed by overshading. The most abundant of these are Sassafras, 

 Oxydendron, Kalmia, and (}n<fcus pvinus. 



As under-shrubs and semi-lianes are : 



Smilax rotundifolia Smilax echirrata 



Clematis virf/iniana Passiflora lutea 



PartJieiiocirsus quinqucfolia Bhm toxicodendron 



The last two in this forest, as in the birch bottom land, are strictly 

 ground trailers, and though always common, are never luxuriant until 

 a windfall or othei' accident lets in the light, when they shoot up with 

 great rapidity into their well-known full liane form. 



The heibage is composed of a large number of species belonging 

 to several guilds. In the most shaded woods, in situations where at 

 the same time leaf-fall is not too abundant, herbs with evergreen or 

 hibernating leaves are abundant and conspicuous, especially during the 

 winter, when other herbs are absent. These include : 



Carex pluntaginea Hepatica acutiloha 



Polysticum achrosticoides Dryopteris marpinale 



Dryopteris spinulosum Botrychium obliqnum 



Pyrola eUiptica Lycopodium lucidulnm 



Tiarella cordifolia (in the south- Jspleniiim phityneuron 



ern section) 



When not too much shaded and especially in younger second 

 growth there is a rich development of vernal herbs typically geophilous 

 and with showy flowers, such as : 



Trillium (jrandiflorum BicucuUa canadensis 



Bicuccnla cnccnlata Erythronium americanum 



Podophyllum peltatum Arisaema triphyllum 



Juncoides carolinae Viola puhescens 



Viola hlanda Viola rostrata 



Viola palmata Syndesinon thalictroides 



Viola canadensis Botrychium virginianum 



Galeorchis spectahilis Vagnera racemosa 



Aralia nudicaulis Geranium macnlatum 



Thalirtrnm dioicum Doifaria laciniata 



Deittarld h( I ( rojihylht (in sniitlii>rn Fainniculus recurvatus 

 section only) 



