(49) 



trunks and branches, stumps, and roots are commonly used. They arc 

 closely stacked in a circular pile on a cement or other hard base, around the 

 edges of which a trench is dug, which trench empties into a suitable pit. 

 The stack is then surrounded by earth and sods, to exclude air, except at the 

 top, where the stack is then ignited. As the uppermost wood burns, the 

 heat liquifies the turpentine in the wood just below, that turpentine dripping 

 out and down through the stack and into the trench, whence it flows into 

 the pit. The wood thus exhausted then burns and distils the next lower 

 layer, the process continuing until all the wood is burned. This tar would 

 naturally be of light color, but the smoke and other products of burning 

 turn it black. When cold, it becomes hard. By subjecting it to distilla- 

 tion, a volatile oil is obtained, known as oil of tar. The residue is common 

 or naval pitch, largely used in caulking the seams of ships. 



1213. Oil of tar. A volatile oil distilled from tar. 



1214. Naval pitch. 



12 15. A turpentine box tut in the trunk of Pinus palustris Miller. 



12 1 6. Leafy branches of pine-tar tree. 



1217. Picture of the same. 



1 218. Picture of tools used in cutting turpentine boxes. 



1219. Picture of turpentine orcharding, or of men engaged in collecting turpentine. 



1220. Gandor-Biroza resin. — The product ®f Pinus longifolia Roxb. Native of 

 the Himalaya region, British India. 



1 22 1. Pine balls. — A turpentine exuding from Pinus caribaea Morelet. Native 

 of the southeastern United States, and West Indies. Collected at Miami, 

 Florida, by Small and Wilson. 



1222. Canada turpentine. Balsam of fir. — The oleo-resin of Abies balsamea (L.) 

 Miller. Native of eastern North America. Presented by Seabury & 

 Johnson, of New York. 



1223. Pix Burgundica. Burgundy pitch. — The prepared turpentine of Picea 



Abies (L.) Karst. Native of southern Europe, and cultivated. In this 

 case the exuded turpentine is melted in hot water and strained. In the 

 process it takes up a considerable amount of water and becomes hard on 

 cooling. Presented by Seabury & Johnson, of New York. 



1224. Pix Canadensis. Canada pitch. — The prepared oleo-resin of Tsuga cana- 

 densis (L.) Carr. Native of northern North America. 



1225. Sandarac, or Sandaraca. (See No. 1150.) Same donor. 



1226. Dammar. — The product of Agathis loranthifolius Salisb. and of other species 

 of Agathis. Native of the East Indies and New Zealand. Same donor. 



1227. Amber. Succinum. — A fossil resin, produced by Pinites succinifer Goeppert. 



It is mostly obtained on the shores of the Baltic, where it is washed up 

 out of the earth by the waves and thrown upon the beach. Presented by 

 P. B. Bjerregaard, of New York City. 



1228. Brown kowree. (See No. 982 et seq.) 



1229. White kowree. (See No. 982 et seq.) Supposed to be the product of Agathis 



australis (Lamb) Steud. Native of Australia and neighboring islands. 

 Presented by S. Patterson, of New York City. 



1230. Yellow kowree. Same donor. 



123 1. Another specimen of the same. Same donor. 



