(77) 



and forms good lather with water. It is largely used as a substitute for 

 soap in washing, in tropical regions. 



1723. Soap bark. — The inner bark of Quillaia saponaria Molino. (Rosaceae — 



Rose Family.) Native of southwestern South America. This bark also 

 contains a large quantity of saponin. 



1724. Levant soap root. — The root of Gypsophila Struthium L. (Caryophyllaccae — 



Pink Family). Native of the Mediterranean region and cultivated. 

 Contains a large amount of saponin. 



1725. Soap root. — The root of Saponaria officinalis L. Same family as the pre- 



ceding. Native of Europe and largely naturalized in the United States. 

 Same composition and use as the preceding. 



1726. Mexican soap root, or amole. — The rhizome and root of a species of Yucca. 



(Dracaenaceae — Dracaena Family). Native of the southwestern United 

 States and Mexico. Roots of many specimens of Yucca are used as soap 

 substitutes. 

 1726. 1. California soap root. — The bulb of Chlorogalum pomeridium (Ker.) Kunth. 

 (Liliaceae — Lily family). Native of southern California. Used like the 

 preceding. Presented by Chas. F. Saunders, of Pasadena, California. 



1727. Pokeroot. — The root of Phytolacca americana L. {Phytolaccaceae — Poke- 



berry Family). Native of America and a widely distributed weed. Used 

 like soap in tropical America. Collected at Newark, New Jersey, by 

 H. H. Rusby. 

 1727.1. California soap root. — The root of Chenopodium californicum S. Watson. 

 (Chenopodiaceae — Goosefoot Family). Native of California and used as a 

 soap substitute. Presented by Chas F. Saunders, Pasadena, California. 



1728. Saponin. — The constituent of the preceding soap substitutes, which gives 



them their properties. Presented by Merck & Company, of New York. 



VOLATILE OILS AND PERFUMERY 



Volatile oils are for the most part mixtures of volatile 

 substances which can be removed from plants or plant 

 parts by a process of distillation. In this process the fresh 

 or dried plant is mixed with water in the still, in order to 

 prevent burning or other chemical decomposition. Heat is 

 applied, whereupon the volatile oil is driven out of the 

 plant tissue and enters the water. The water is capable of 

 taking up only a small part of the volatile oil, the remainder 

 of the latter, as it is driven out of the plant tissues, passing 

 off through a tube, in the form of vapor. This tube is 

 surrounded by cold water, which condenses the vapor of the 

 oil, the latter then running off into a receptacle placed to 

 receive it. The volatile oil may then be subjected to 

 various processes to separate it into its several portions, 



