The Bulletin 61 



type of cholera and are considered to be diagnostic of the disease. Probably 

 one of the most important places to look for disease is in the kidney, where 

 we look for a change that has given to it the name of "turkey egg kidney," 

 from its resemblance to this egg. The organ becomes spotted with little 

 hemorrhages which are in size from a pin point to as large as a pea, and lay 

 underneath the capsule of the organ. The bladder should also be examined 

 for changes there, the appearance being little hemorrhages scattered over its 

 inner surface, showing the rupture of minute capillary vessels. 



As noted above, not all of these changes may be expected in any one 

 carcass, but the presence of any of them, taken ia consideration with the 

 fact that the disease seems to spread with such rapidity, will indicate 

 cholera. 



The United States Department of Agriculture, through the Bureau of Ani- 

 mal Industry, has been endeavoring for years to control this disease; as long 

 ago as 1878 Congress appropriated $10,000 and caused a commission of nine 

 men to be appointed to study the disease and ascertain if there was any 

 remedy for it. They worked faithfully and in 1905, Dr. M. Dorsett and 

 Dr. W. B. Niles, with others, produced what has become known as the 

 Dorsett-Niles method of immunization against hog cholera. 



It is unnecessary to go into the technical details of how this serum is 

 produced, but it can be stated that before it was recommended to be gen- 

 erally used it was tested upon large numbers of animals, both in the labora- 

 tory and in the field upon farms and under ordinary farm conditions and 

 found to be wholly dependable if used in accordance with the very simple 

 directions. 



After the method of serum immunization had been perfected to a point 

 where it could be entrusted to the general public, a meeting was called of 

 the officials of the various states and among those which responded was 

 North Carolina; and the results were that a plant to manufacture serum and 

 sell it to the farmers at cost has been established and has been the means of 

 saving many hogs for this state. This serum can be obtained by application 

 to the State Veterinarian, Raleigh, N. C. 



There are two methods of using this serum; one is designated as the Serum 

 Alone Method, and consists of injecting a proper amount of the serum into 

 the muscular tissues of the animal to be treated and will result in giving an 

 immunity which will last for from six to eight weeks. This is ample time 

 for an owner to clean up his premises and remove the danger; or he can 

 fatten his hogs in that time and slaughter them or send them to market. 

 This method can be administered by any one and if the ordinary sanitary 

 precautions are observed good results will follow. 



The other method consists of injecting a proper amount of serum into one 

 side of the body, and into the other side the injection of a very small and 

 carefully regulated dose of the actual diseased blood obtained from a hog 

 that was slaughtered during the last stages of the disease, and which will 

 result in an immunity of much longer duration, from several months in pigs 

 to practically a life immunity in older swine. But as can be readily seen, 

 this method has to be handled with extreme precautions, and so the State 

 Department of Agriculture has ruled that no one but a competent Veterina- 

 rian, or a man who has been specially trained in the handling of this virus 

 shall be permitted to administer the "Serum Simultaneous" method of im- 

 munization. 



These methods of serum immunization are of great value in helping to 

 save the swine North Carolina now has, but in order to control the disease 

 and to finally eradicate it, we must use something more than serum, and the 

 following "DOES" and "DONTS" will epitomize the most needful things that 

 should be done by the farmer when the disease gets a foothold in his neigh- 

 borhood or in his herd. 



