22 The Bulletin. 



:"erosene Emulsion. This is an old-time home-made standard remedy 

 for scale-insects, plant-lice, etc. Once the "stock emulsion" is prepared 

 it can be kept for a long time and diluted as needed to any desired 

 strength. The "soluble oils" are essentially a manufactured substitute 

 for kerosene emulsion. Kerosene emulsion is prepared as follows : 



Kerosene ( coal oil) 2 gallons. 



Soap (laundry or soft) J{. pound. 



Water 1 gallon. 



Shave the soap into thin pieces in the water, heat to boiling, and stir 

 to dissolve the soap. Remove from the fire and pour in the two gallons 

 oil, and churn the Avhole mixture together vigorously for several min- 

 utes. This may be done by pumping it through the spray pump, direct- 

 ing the nozzle back into the mixture. When thoroughly mixed it will 

 be of a light creamy nature and will mix readily even with cold water. 

 This gives what is known as the "stock emulsion" and is C6 per cent oil. 

 Now, 



To get 15 per cent oil, add 10 gallons of water. 

 To get 25 per cent oil, add 5 gallons of water. 



For use in late Avinter before the buds have opened, as a remedy for 

 Oyster-shell Scale, Ave recommend that the kerosene emulsion be used at 

 strength of 25 per cent oil. 



For use in late spring (late April or early May) to kill the newly 

 hatched young of the Oyster-shell Scale, we recommend that it be used 

 at strength of 15 per cent oil. 



Note — The chief objections to kerosene emulsion are the trouble of 

 preparing it and the care needed in getting the exact per cent of oil. 

 One must be careful, therefore, to follow the 'proportions, here given so 

 that the mixture when ready to be sprayed on the trees will be of the 

 desired strength — not more and not less. 



Commercial Lime-sulphur. These are solutions Avhich contain lime 

 and sulphur so combined that all one has to do is to mix it Avith the re- 

 quired amount of water, and it is ready to apply to the trees. There are 

 a number of firms Avhich sell these ready-made solutions, some of which 

 are here listed : 



Thomsen Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md. 

 Jas. A. Blanchard Co., New York, N. Y. 

 Vreeland Chemical Co., 26 Dey St., Hudson Terminal Bldg., New York, 



N. Y. 

 Niagara Sprayer Co., Middleport, N. Y. 

 Grasselli Chemical Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 



For winter use the manufacturers usually recommend that the ready- 

 made lime-sulphur be applied at strength of 1 gallon to 10 gallons water, 

 but many growers and experimenters show a tendency to use it at the 

 greater strength of 1 gallon to 8 gallons water, and apple trees will 

 stand this strength without injury if it is applied before the buds open. 



