HI 



he kept warm, but not necessarily at the boiling point, until ready for 

 the next barrel of spray. 



" The points of the main importance in this process are the fol'ow- 

 inw : The water must be hot when the lime is put into the kettle ; the 

 the lime must be slaking when the sulphur is added ; the mixture must 

 be constantly stirred ; a minimum amount ui water must be used ; and 

 the mixture must be kept actually boiling and not merely simmering." 



As the mixture is corrosive, the hands should be protected with 

 gloves. Use a mop or brush with a good handle and apply the mix- 

 ture to the stem and large branches of the trees. 



At the end of the season when the fruit is over, and before the tree 

 begins to bud again, the mixture may be applied to the whole tree by 

 means of a spray pump. The leaves will drop oflf, but the tree will 

 soon bud again. 



In large orchards the mixture can be made most economically and 

 rapidly by using live steam, and boiling the material in tanks or barrels. 



This wash has a corrosive action also on brass and copper, but pumps 

 can be used with a minimum amount of corroding, if they be thoroughly 

 washed out with clear water after each day's spraying. 



EGYPTIAN IRRIGATION. 



A pamphlet by Clarence T. Johns in, Assistant Chief Irrigation In- 

 vestigations, of the United States Department of Agriculture, has 

 lately been issued on "Egyptian Irrigation: a Study of Irrigation 

 Methods and Administration in Egypt." It is illustrated by maps, 

 plans and photographs. The conclusions arrived at, after the full in- 

 vestigation recorded in the pamphlet are as follows : — 



The climate of Egypt being mild, the needs of the people are easily 

 sjtisfied; the population is dense and the individual holdings of land 

 are small. Labour is cheap, enabling much to be accomplished by the 

 use of crude implements which could be performed profitably in 

 America only by the employment of modern machinery. The irriga- 

 tion canals of Egypt convey water to the farms, but the irrigator must 

 must raise the water for his fields. He has few other duties which de- 

 mand his time and energy during the growing season, and therefore 

 can use with profit, machinerj^ which requires a large expenditure of 

 labour but little expenditure of money. In lifting water from the 

 Nile, the Higyptian deals with the same obstacles as the irrigator in 

 many localities in the West where water can b i secured at depths rang- 

 ing from 10 to 25 feet, but there the resemblance ceases. The stan- 

 dard of living of the American irrigator is higher, his farm is larger 

 and the returns from an acre are l^ss He cannot adopt water-raising 

 devices of low efficiency like the shaduf ornatali. Tiie hoe, practically 

 the only tool used in distributing water over the fields in Egypt, has 

 no merit to the American farmer. Wo cannot therefor ■, learn much 

 from the Egyptian irrigator. 



Many of the irrigation structures of Egypt are models of their kind. 

 Th ' barrage below Cairo is one of the most interesting dams in the 

 world. Its architecture reflects some of the recent political struggles 

 in Egypt. The towers which embellish the dam should be classed with 

 the ruins bequoithed to the modern world by ancient Egypt. The bar- 



