32 The Bulletin. 



fruit, it holds up well in the spraying liquid, sticks longer to the foliage, 

 and gives actually better results. Experienced growers who spray now 

 depend almost wholly on the arsenate of lead. A number of larger drug 

 or hardware firms in our more important towns are now handling arse- 

 nate of lead. Use 3 pounds to 50 gallons. 



THE USE OF OIL AND SOAP SPRAYS. 



While we give general preference to sprays of Lime-sulphur and 

 Bordeaux Mixture, yet there are many growers who prefer sprays con- 

 taining soaps or oils, especially for winter treatments to control the San 

 Jose Scale. There are a number of manufacturers who sell ready-made 

 oil or soap sprays which are prepared merely by adding water. (See 

 discussion of "Soluble Oils" and "Whale Oil Soap," on page 17.) 



The oil and soap washes have the advantage that they are more pene- 

 trating than lime-sulphur, and on apple this is an especially good point, 

 as the small twigs are often so fuzzy as to hinder the lime-sulphur from 

 reaching all the scales. Also, there is less corrosion and clogging of the 

 pumps. But, on the other hand, there is some danger to the trees (espe- 

 cially peach) if the soaps or oils are at all carelessly used, and they do 

 not seem to have quite so much effect on the fungous diseases. 



Kerosene Emulsion. — This was once the standard remedy for all 

 kinds of scale insects and for most plant lice, and though it has been 

 replaced by the Lime-sulphur Wash as a remedy for San Jose Scale, it is 

 still used by some growers for treatments in spring or summer, when the 

 regular strength of Lime-sulphur Wash can not be freely used. It is 

 often used against plant lice and some soft-shell species of scale insects. 

 When carefully made and applied as a fine misty spray, it is a very 

 effective insecticide. 



For use on Peach and Plum, we advise that it be used at a strength 

 not greater than 15 per cent oil for treatments in winter and early 

 spring, and not stronger than 10 per cent oil in summer. 



For use on Apple and Pear, it may be used as strong as 25 per cent, 

 or even 50 per cent oil in winter and until the buds open in spring; but 

 after the buds have opened, we advise that it be used not stronger than 

 15 per cent oil. Some growers have used pure kerosene in winter (with- 

 out any water at all) and have had good results without injury to trees, 

 but thi^ is dangerous to trees, expensive at best, and is not advisable. 



Here is the usual formula for preparing the Kerosene Emulsion, to- 

 gether with statement of amounts of water to be added to get 10 per 

 cent, or 15 per cent, or 25 per cent, or 50 per cent, of oil : 



Kerosene (coal oil) 2 gallons. 



Laundry or soft soap 1-2 pound. 



Water 1 gallon. 



Shave the soap into thin pieces in the water and heat to boiling over 

 fire and stir to dissolve the soap. Then remove from the -fire and pour 

 in the 2 gallons of oil, and churn the whole mixture together vigorously 



