Preface ix 



Introduction 1 



A It T O BT E 



Species axmd Popmmlatioxms 



Chapter 1 . Ecological Characteristics of Species 



AND Populations 7 



Relations of Species to the Physical Environment 

 8 • Relations Among Individuals of the Same or 

 of Different Species 26 • Ecological Success of a 

 Species 54 • 



Chapter 2. Grouping of Species 59 



Factors Involved in the Grouping of Species 60 • 

 Kinds of Groupings 66 • 



ART T IV O 



Xke Conmnmvmsftity 



Chapter 3. Analytic Characteristics of the Com- 

 munity 



Qualitative Characteristics 78 • Quantitative 

 Characteristics 100 • 



77 



xm 



