REFERENCES 



191 



third type (a plant community) it may, in some cases, take a million 

 years. The following tabular comparison may help to make clear 

 the comparison discussed above. 



Bare area 

 Birth 



Growth and 

 Development 



Maturity 



Reproduction 

 Death 



Oak tree 

 Egg cell 

 Fertilized egg 

 (Take in food) 

 Embryo 

 Seedling 

 Shrub 

 Sapling 



Oak tree 



Gives off cells 

 From disease or 

 accident 



Beech-maple community 

 Bare rock 

 Crustose lichen 

 (Take in plants) 

 Lichen-Moss Community 

 Herbaceous plant community 

 Shrub community 

 Xeric tree community 



(Oaks and hickories) 

 Mesic tree community 



(Beech and maple) 

 Gives off plants (seeds) 

 From disease or accident 



REFERENCES 



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Torrey Bot. Club., 53, 7-26, 1926. 

 The Vegetational History of the Middle West, Ann. Assn. Am. Geogr., 



12, 39-85, 1923. 

 Griggs, R. F.: The Colonization of the Katmai Ash, a New and Inorganic 



"Soil," Am. Jour. Bot., 20, 92-113, 1933. 

 Heald, F. D., Gardner, M. W., and Studhalter, R. A.: Air and Wind 



Dissemination of Ascospores of the Chestnut Blight Fungus, Jour. Agric. 



Res., 3, 493-526, 1915. 

 Howell, A. Brazier: Agencies Which Govern the Distribution of Life, Am. 



Nat., 56, 428-438, 1922. 

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1933. 

 Kittredge, J.: Evidence of the Rate of Forest Succession on Star Island, 



Minnesota, Ecology, 15, 24-35, 1934. 

 Meier, F. C: Collecting Micro-organisms From the Arctic Atmosphere, With 



Field Notes and Materials by Charles A. Lindbergh, Sci. Monthly, 40, 5-20, 



1935. 

 Phillips, E. P.: Adaptation for the Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds, South 



African Jour. Nat. Hist., 2, 240-252, pi. 2-3, 1920. 

 Ridley, H. N.: The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World, Ashford, 



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1914. 

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