Francis E, Lloyd — 16 — Carnivorous Plants 



cells between the lobes. So large are these glands that they must 

 contain about looo cells. There are only a half-dozen such large 

 glands, the rest within the spoon being of various sizes, but all smaller 

 and showing a structure more obviously like that of the rest of the 

 glands of the inner and outer surfaces. One of the smallest I show 

 in Plate 2 — 7, in which it is seen that some of the parenchyma cells 

 in contact with the gland have spirally and reticulately thickened walls. 

 One finds them in the large glands, but only occasionally; they are 

 very difficult to find, however. In any event the wall thickenings 

 seem to be less pronounced and distinct. The large gland is often 

 in close contact with the vascular tissue. 



The cuticularization, as in the small glands of the general surfaces, 

 extends around the gland, with, however, areas furnishing contact 

 with the surrounding parenchyma. 



GoEBEL leaned towards the opinion that the glands above de- 

 scribed are different in structure from those of Sarracenia, but the 

 evidence to be later deduced will, I think, show otherwise. Mac- 

 FARLANE described the glands as being depressed and surrounded 

 by thick walled neighbor cells, "the upper part of which may over- 

 hang" the gland. He did not study the gland structure further, 

 as Krafft did later, and suggested that the glands of Heliamphora 

 stand in an intermediate position between those of Sarracenia and 

 those of Nepenthes. This idea seems lacking in justification. 



Prey and its fate. — That insects are caught by the pitchers of 

 Heliamphora was not known to Bentham, who handled the first ma- 

 terial to reach London. I found insect remains in the pitchers of 

 H. Tyleri and Krafft did so in the pitchers of H. nutans sent to him 

 from England by Veitch and Sons. The odor accompanying decay 

 of insect bodies was noticed by Krafft. As there are no digestive 

 glands to be found, we must conclude that the proteins of animal 

 bodies are made available to the plant only by means of bacterial 

 digestion. That no work has been done on this plant can be ex- 

 plained by the rarity of the material, due to the difficulties of cul- 

 tivation. 



Literature Cited: 



Arber {see under Cephalotiis). 



Bentham, G., Heliamphora nutans, a new pitcher plant from British Guiana. Transact. 

 Linn. Soc. 18, 1840. 



Fenner, C. a., Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Anatomie, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Biologic 

 der Laubblatter und Driisen einiger Insektivoren. Flora 93:335-434, 1904. 



Gleason, H. a. and E. F. Killep, Botanical results of the Tyler-Duida Expedition. Bull. 

 Torr. Bot. Club 58:277-586, 1931. 



Gleason, H. A., Brittonia 3:164, 1939 (Description of Heliamphora minor). 



GoEBEL, K., Pflanzenbiologische Schilderungen. Marburg, 1891. 



Im Thurn, E. F. and D. Oliver, The botany of the Roraima Expedition of 1884. Trans. 

 Linn. Soc. London II, 2:249-300, 1887. 



Kraeft, S., Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Sarraceniaceen-Gattung Heliamphora. Diss. Mu- 

 nich, 1896. 



Lloyd, F. E., Isolation and the origin of species. Science, N. S. 22:710-712, 1905. 



Lloyd, F. E., The carnivorous plants. Trans. R. S. C. 27:3-67, 1933. 



Macfarlane, J. M., Observations on some pitchered insectivorous plants, I. Ann. Bot. 

 3:253-266, 1889; 11. Ann. Bot. 7:403-458, 1893. 



ScHOMBURGK, R. H., Reisen im Guiana . . . Leipzig 1841. 



Troll, W., Morphologic der schildformigen Blatter. Planta 17:153-314, 1932. 



ZrppERER, Paul, Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Sarraceniaceen. Diss. Erlangen, 1885. 



