Francis E. Lloyd — 38 — Carnivorous Plants 



entering and so getting pinched in too narrow spaces. The species 

 {E. Rolandiana) pecuhar to S. purpurea, with its wide, amply spacious 

 pitcher, does not possess the lappets. These in the very young larvae 

 are scarcely more than bristles, but with successive instars the tubercle 

 becomes larger, and armed with a prominent bristle. 



A solitary wasp, Chlorion Harrisi, habitually makes use of Sar- 

 racenia pitchers for its nest of several stories which are supplied with 

 food and each an egg. Dr. Jones informs me, however, that this 

 insect is not confined to Sarracenia. He found it in 1939 nesting in 

 abandoned beetle-burrows on Martha's Vineyard, Vineyard Island, 

 where Sarracenia does not occur. 



A fly, Sarcophaga, produces large white maggots which feed upon 

 the remains of insects in the pitchers. The protective enzyme studied 

 by Hepburn and Jones was extracted from Sarcophaga larvae. Sev- 

 eral species of this genus, peculiar to Sarracenia, were described by 

 Riley. 



There is a minute fly (2-3 mm.), Dorniphora venusta, which is found 

 in the pitchers of 6*. flava late in the season when they are relatively 

 dry and have lost their trapping abilities, as they apparently do 

 (Jones, 191 8). The larva feeds upon the captured insects. 



Another small fly, 3-3.8 mm. in length, described under the name 

 Neosciara Macfarlanei by F. M. Jones (1920) has similar habits, and 

 is found in the vertical tubed Sarracenias. Its presence is betrayed 

 by a frothy looking product of the larvae about to pupate, which 

 fills the pitcher tube just above the mass of dead insects on which 

 they have fed. Both these flies, as well as the Sarcophagids above 

 mentioned, appear to be confined to Sarracenia, but some doubt 

 remains as to this. 



The purpose of the above brief account is merely to point out 

 the more general facts about the constant insect associates of Sar- 

 racenia and Darlingtonia. To exhaust the present knowledge of all 

 the insects which attack and feed upon and pollinate these plants 

 would go beyond our purpose. A general summary of this knowledge 

 is supplied by Jones in Walcott's book of illustrations of the Sar- 

 racenias, in which a bibliography is to be found. It is upon this 

 author that I have depended for these notes. It may be added as a 

 matter of speculation that further investigation would certainly dis- 

 cover many other associates, including Crustacea, protozoa and pro- 

 tophyta, some of which might turn out to be obligate inhabitants, 

 as in the case of Nepenthes. 



Literature Cited: 



Arber {see under Cephalotus). 



Baillon, H., Sur le developpement des feuilles des Sarracenia. C. r. Acad. Sci. Paris 

 71:630, 1870. Also in Adansonia 9:331, 1868-1870 {through Troll). 



Bartram, Wm., Travels in N. and S. Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Philadelphia 1791. 



Batalin, a., tJber die Function der Epidermis in den Schlauchen von Sarracenia und 

 Darlingtonia. Acta Hort. Petropol. 7:345-359, 1880. 



Berger, J. & C. F. Asenjo, Anthelmintic activity of crystalline papain. Science II, 91: 

 387-388, 1940. 



Burnett, G. T., On the functions and structure of plants, with reference to the adumbra- 

 tions of a stomach in vegetals. Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. and Art, Vol. for Jy.-Dec, 

 1829:279-292. 



