Francis E. Lloyd 



— 82 — Carnivorous Plants 



sists in the secondary filling in of the lumen by callus (or callus-like 

 substance), the protoplast withdrawing toward the base. A central 

 thread-like core of protoplasmic substance with more or less con- 

 tinuity can be traced through the otherwise soUd mass of callus. 



FoHage leaves are produced in seasonal rhythm. Of this A. G. 

 Hamilton (1904) wrote, ''I believe that the ordinary leaves develop 

 in the autumn, reaching their full maturity in the spring, and then 

 gradually going off, while the pitchers grow in winter and spring and 

 are fully formed and functional in summer when the insects which they 

 capture are most plentiful." This seems to be a true account. I can 

 only add that at the time of my visit to the classical ground of Albany 

 in the spring (Oct. 1936), the pitchers were in full representation, and 

 foHage leaves much less conspicuous. 



The pitchers when full sized measure in length about 5 cm. or 

 slightly more. The majority measure less, say about 3 cm. in length, 

 and about 2 cm. in transverse measurement, somewhat compressed 

 from front to back. The orifice is oval in form, wider transversely 

 than from back to front, measuring in a pitcher 5 cm. long, i X 1.5 cm. 

 (inside measurement). Hamilton well compares the form of the 

 pitcher with that of a loose slipper, with the heel turned over to form 

 a lid. Its stalk (the petiole) stands approximately at right angles with 

 the axis of the pitcher, and in this at once we see a marked divergence 

 from the morphology of Sarracenia and Nepenthes, in that the mouth 

 of the pitcher faces the base of the petiole in Cephalotus, while the 

 opposite occurs in the other two genera. 



This is best understood by examining the development, as did 

 EicHLER (1881) and Goebel, or by comparing the various aberrant 

 pitchers which in this species are rather common and have been re- 

 marked by Dickson, Goebel, and Hamilton. The true orientation 

 is clearly seen in a pitcher only i to 3 mm. long. Such a one in longi- 

 tudinal section is seen in the figure {10 — 6), in which it is evident 

 that the Hd does not terminate the leaf (Dickson), but is an outgrowth 

 from the upper surface of the petiole below the pitcher proper while 

 the pitcher has been produced by a ventro-dorsal invagination of the 

 upper, more distal region. Abnormal leaves, which occur in sizes be- 

 tween I mm. to a few cm., bear out the above interpretation, and fur- 

 ther show that the hd represents the transverse extension of the leaf 

 margins across the basal zone of the blade, that therefore the pitcher is 

 a peltate leaf highly differentiated into the compHcated apparatus that 

 it is {10 — 13-18). The orientation and course of the vascular bundles 

 are in accord with this interpretation, though Arber argues that the 

 absence of a median ventral vein in the petiole does not agree with 

 Troll's description, and that this raises doubt as to the truly peltate 

 condition. With Arber, I find no median ventral bundle [lo — 2). 



The mouth of the pitcher is surrounded by a corrugated rim, each 

 corrugation forming a claw-hke tooth extending inward and downward, 

 much as in Nepenthes, except here the teeth are coarser and are not 

 provided with glands. There are about 24 such teeth, the numbers on 

 each side not being always symmetrical. I counted 12 on one side and 

 II on the other in a particular specimen. They are largest in front 

 (the ventral aspect of the opening) and are smaller and smaller as one 



