Francis E. Lloyd — 218 — Carnivorous Plants 



pompholyx. At its top is formed at length a large radially sym- 

 metrical bud, which becomes the inflorescence {22 — 11, 25). Of the 

 stolons, some are anchoring in function (rhizoids) while others be- 

 come runner stolons, bearing leaves along the upper surface, and 

 facing toward the corm, in the adaxial axils of which other scapes 

 may arise. Thus is produced a spreading plant. Scapes may also 

 arise from buds adventive on the leaves, this among many irregu- 

 larities of growth. Sometimes the primary leaf may produce a num- 

 ber of traps in the adaxial axils of which buds are formed, as in the 

 case of the axils of leaves produced on stolons. 



This course of events, thus briefly stated, is followed by all other 

 species studied: U. bifida, U. monanthos, with evidence from a con- 

 siderable number of others. U. bifida was also studied by Goebel 

 who seems to have thought that the first bud was between the cot- 

 yledonoids, and suffered later displacement, as his drawings indi- 

 cate. But the statements of both Goebel and Merl (U. longifolia) 

 admit an asymmetrical position. My own studies of U. bifida have 

 revealed a strong tendency on the part of the embryo to produce 

 at first a leaf only, raised more or less on an elongate extension of 

 the upper part of the embryo body (a podium) and for the primary 

 stolon to be produced at its base from a distinct bud there seen {22 — 

 i-ii). 



If the protocorm produces no runners, as in U. capilliflora, U. 

 violacea, U. Hookeri, Polypompholyx, an inflorescence can be produced 

 only from the top of the protocorm (22 — 25, 26), or by secondary 

 branching from the scape itself. This development is called abrupt. 

 Such plants do not spread by runner stolons. The behavior of U. 

 capensis etc., which spreads by runners, is diffuse. 



In all these forms, especially in the abrupt kind of germination, 

 the primary bud arising from the first stolon can elongate very con- 

 siderably to form a naked ascending stolon producing leaves only at 

 length. The curious asymmetrical relations of embryo and its primary 

 organs than becomes quite apparent. I have seen this in U. violacea, 

 U. Hookeri and Polypompholyx, in which the events of germination 

 are preserved in the mature individual, for the embryo may persist 

 throughout the life of the plant {22 — 26). 



The complex kind of germination is displayed by a lot of spe- 

 cies represented by U. vulgaris, which has been the subject of much 

 study by Warming, Pringsheim, Kamienski, Goebel, Jane and 

 Lloyd, and by U. oligosperma (Goebel). The condition found 

 in U. exoleta (Goebel) and U. emarginata though simple in the sense 

 indicated by the number of cotyledonoids, is merely a special case 

 evidently related to the vulgaris condition. 



In U. vulgaris the embryo is a prolate spheroid. From a low dome 

 arise several leaf buds in an outer circle, within which several other 

 primordia stand, with no apparent order, though it has been stated 

 otherwise (Goebel). The outer, and some of the inner primordia 

 become awl-shaped leaves, but to pick out two of these as cotyledons 

 is impossible (Goebel). Occasionally one of them ends in a trap 

 (Goebel; Jane). Of the inner primordia, some become leaves, usually 

 one a dorsiventral shoot, and one a primary trap. Sometimes leaves 



