Francis E. Lloyd — 226 — Carnivorous Plants 



character of these parts often referred to in the literature (Goebel). 

 The traps occur on secondary stolons, rarely on the leaves. 



Utricularia grows generally, when submersed, in still waters. 

 There are two very striking exceptions to this in U. neottioides and 

 U. rigida, the former South American, the latter from Africa, both 

 tropical. They grow in running streams, attached to the rocky bot- 

 tom, recalling the Podostemonaceae. Creeping on the rock surface and 

 tightly clinging to it are numerous fleshy, coral-like stolons. From 

 these arise branches which are leafy, bearing traps (Luetzelburg 

 1910) and finally flowers. The traps diverge from the vulgaris trap in 

 being streamlined — to yield to the vocabulary of the moment — being 

 spindle shaped, the stalk at one end and the mouth at the other. Ac- 

 cording to O. Staff (1906), U. rigida, which closely resembles U. 

 neottioides, has no traps. None of the Kew specimens showed any, and 

 though the herbarium specimens of U. neottioides did not show them, 

 Luetzelburg found them. The material I examined was collected by 

 him, and preserved in Goebel's collection. 



Terrestrial and epiphytic forms of the vulgaris type. — Of the 

 strictly terrestrial species are, e.g. U. suhulata L. (W. Africa, Amer- 

 ica) and U. Rendlei Lloyd (Victoria Falls). These grow in a wet sub- 

 strate of sand or sandy soil, and consist of very delicate thread-like 

 stolons sending up simple spatulate or ligulate leaves of very small size 

 and often difJEicult to see when collecting, and having dehcate scapes 

 with yellow flowers. U. suhulata shows a cleistogamous condition in 

 Nova Scotia (Fernald). The method of branching is the same as that 

 in U. resupinata. The traps are numerous on the stolons, in lateral 

 rows and one row along the upper surface and along the leaf margins. 

 The leaves face away from the apex of the bearing stolon. 



The epiphytic species are usually large and bear showy flowers, 

 and are often grown as greenhouse plants among the orchids with 

 which some of them vie in beauty. Mentioned here may be U. reni- 

 formis, U. nelumbifolia, U. montana, U. Humboldtii, U. longifolia, 

 U. Endresii and the small but often large flowered species growing 

 in the soil such as U. Dusenii and U. Campbelliana, all from Central 

 or South America. Some species grow in the water held by the leaf 

 rosettes of Tillandsias, e.g. tj. nelumbifolia in the Organ Mts. of Brazil 

 (Gardner 1846), and U. Humboldtii, on the Kaieteur Savannah, 

 British Guiana (Im Thurn 1887), both of which grow in the axils 

 of the leaves of bromeliads (Brocchinia spp.). These, and especially 

 the forms which grow in wet moss {U. reniformis), are conspicuous 

 for their thick, coral-like stolons, the anatomy of which has been de- 

 scribed by Hovelacque. The method of branching differs with dif- 

 ferent species. 



U. reniformis is on the evidence of its branching related to the 

 terrestrial types, e.g. U. suhulata. From the 6 mm. thick stolon 

 the leaves arise in a row on the upper surface. These are circinate 

 backward, and have a reniform blade 15 cm. in diameter. The bud 

 of the scape arises in the leaf axil on the proximal side but not al- 

 ways in the middle point indicating a degree of obliquity in the 

 position of the leaf (Goebel). The branch stolons arise in single 

 lateral rows (21 — 15). Though the plant is of stately proportions, 



