Chapter Seven 



THE SOIL 



Definition (46), Mineral soil (46). Soil water (48). Movement of 

 water in the soil (49). Water-supplying power of the soil (50). Soil 

 air and its use (50). Value of organic matter (51). Living organisms 

 of the soil (51). 



Chapter Eight 



STEMS AND BUDS 



Kinds of stems (53). Stem structure (54). Stem growth in length 

 and in thickness (55). Structure of buds (56). Kinds of buds (56). 

 Bud and branch growth (57). 



Chapter Nine 



PRUNING AND TRAINING PLANTS 



Reasons for pruning (59). When to prune (62). Amount to prune 

 (62). Pruning and the stimulation of bud growth (64). Pruning and 

 vigor (64). Tree surgery (64). 



Chapter Ten 



PROPAGATION 



Sexual by seeds (66). Asexual by vegetative methods (67). Cuttings 

 {67). Grafting (68). Budding (70). Layering (71). 



Chapter Eleven 



LEAF STRUCTURE 



External structures (72). The epidermis as a protective covering (72). 

 Stomata (74). Size and distribution (74). Diffusion through stomata 

 (75). Mesophyll (76). Chloroplasts (76). Air spaces (76). Some 

 modified leaves {77). 



Chapter Twelve 



FOOD MAKING 



Photosynthesis described (79), The amount of food made (80). Con- 

 ditions that favor photosynthesis (81). The balance of CO2 and O2 

 (83). Lengthof day (83). 



Chapter Thirteen 



TRANSPIRATION 



Description (87). Conditions affecting transpiration rate (88). Sto- 

 matal regulation (89). Water requirement of plants (89), Transpi- 

 ration and soil moisture (90). Watering plants (91). 



