Ch. XII] INTERPRETATIOXS AXD COXCLUSIOXS 131 



if shaken in a small tube. Those fragments which contain the 

 egg-nucleus may be fertilized and will develop. If the pieces 

 are large enough a gastrula is formed, and still larger pieces 

 develop into normally formed larv?e. 



When the unsegmented egg of the ctenopJior is cut into pieces, 

 there may result either a whole larva or a larAa lacking certain 

 parts, and, further, the study of the cleavage of these egg- 

 fragments shows that if the fragment cleaves like the whole 

 e^g (but with smaller blastomeres) then a whole larva results, 

 while if the cleavage is irregular the larva is also imperfect. 

 Presumably, in the first case tlie egg has been cut symmetri- 

 cally, but in the second case unsymmetrically. Or we might 

 assume that in the one case the egg-fragment rearranged its 

 protoplasm into a new whole, while in the second case it 

 was unable to do so. On either alternative we must conclude 

 that a defect in the protoplasm often brings about a modified 

 cleavage and also a defective embr3'o, and this takes place even 

 although the whole of the nuclear material of the unsegmented egg 

 remains present. There seems, therefore, no escape from the 

 conclusion that in the protoplasm and not in the nucleus lies the 

 differentiating power of the early stages of development. 



General Conclusions 



We have seen that one of the first two blastomeres of the 

 frog's Qg<g may develop into a half-embryo, or into a whole 

 embryo of half-size, according to the conditions of the experi- 

 ment. So long as the first tAvo blastomeres remain in contact, 

 without any disturbance of the cell-contents, each blastomere 

 develops its half of the body. On the other hand, if the proto- 

 plasm is disturbed by reversing the position of the ^gg after 

 the first cleavage, there generally results a whole embryo from 

 each blastomere. Unfortunatel}*, jt has not been found possible 

 to separate completely from each other the first two blasto- 

 meres of the frog's Qgg., so that we do not knoAv whether 

 a whole embryo of half-size or a half-embryo Avould result. 

 In other animals (Eehinodermata, Hydromeduste, Teleostei, 

 Amphioxus, Ascidia, and Salamandra) each of the first two 

 blastomeres, if separated from its fellow, develops into a whole 

 embryo, regardless of the means employed to separate the 



