38 Bulletin 81 



Calorie- (See page 8). 



Carbohydrates. Bodies containing definite proportions of carbon, hydro- 

 gen and oxygen, the latter two in the proportions in which they exist in 

 water; hence their name carbo (carbon) , hydrate (water). In fodders and 

 feeds, cellulose (crude fiber or woody fiber) starch, sugars, gums, etc., are 

 carbohydrates. 



Carbon. A chemical element ; with the elements of water makes up 

 the larger part of the dry matter of plants and animals ; derived from 

 the air ; diamonds, lampblack and graphite are pure carbon, coal, an im- 

 pure carbon. 



Carbonic acid gas. A gas arising from the combustion of coal or wood. 



Cellulose. (See crude fiber). 



Chlorophyll. The green coloring matter of plants. 



Concentrate (as applied to stock feeding). Grain feed or byproduct. 



Convenience table. Table IV in this bulletin which does away with a 

 large part of the figuring needed in calculating rations. 



Crude fiber. (See pages 6-7). 



Crude nutrient. (See nutrient). 



Digestible. Capable of being digested. 



Digestion coefficients. (See pages 12-13). 



Dry matter. (See page 7). 



Energy. Force either in action or latent ; a product of muscle and 

 nerve force, but a result of the assimilation of food. 



Ensile (verb) to place a green crop for preservation in a silo. 



Ether extract. (See page 6). 



Extract matter. (See nitrogen-free extract). 



Extractive matter. A stimulative nitrogenous material in flesh ; the 

 main constituent of beef tea, meat extracts, etc. (See page 6). 



Fat. A combination of fatty acids with glycerine ; the main part of 

 the ether extract of seeds and grains ; a common constituent of the animal 

 body ; crude fat is a synonym for ether extract, which see. 



Feeding standard. A numerical expression of the proportion of sundry 

 digestible nutrients best adapted to some specific end, the same being dedu- 

 ced from experiment, or practice, or both. (See pages 14-17). 



Ferment. Any substance, organized (alive) or unorganized, capable of 

 producing fermentation, of bringing about chemical changes to an extent 

 quite disproportionate to its mass ; yeast, certain bacteria and pepsin are 

 ferments. 



Fodder. A natural combination of nutrients. 



Gelatinoids. Animal proteins of a gelatinous nature. (See page 6). 



German standard. See Wolff standard. 



Gums. Materials of a carbohydrate nature and of a tenaceous character. 



Hydrogen. A chemical element, a gas, the lightest known substance ; 

 combined with oxygen it forms water, with oxygen and carbon it forms 



