262 PLANTS OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



division. The stamens are variously situated in each of these 

 2 divisions ; and this leads to some natural subdivisions. 



I. Stigmas 2 ; seed or nut compressed, ovate, and lenticular. 

 Torrey in "Mon. Cyp." p. 387. 



Group 1. Spike 1, often dioecious. 



1. C. exilis, Dewey. Often has stamens at the base of the 

 spike ; a new species, found by WilHam Oakes, Esq., in a marsh 

 at Danvers, and by Mr. M. A. Curtis, afterwards, at Maiden. It 

 has since been found in several places in the State of New York. 



No other species of this group is found in this Commonwealth, 

 though some others abound farther north. 



Group 2. Spikes several, often dioecious. 



2. C. sterilis, Willd. In wet, marshy places. 



3. C. bromoides, Schk. Small bogs in marshes. 



4. C. siccata, D. Sandy plains near Westfield. 



Group 3. Spikes several, stamens at the summit. 



5. C. cephalophora, Muhl. Fields and open woods. 



6. C. muricata, L. A European species, lately discovered 

 by B. D. Greene, Esq., near Boston. 



7. C cephaloidea, D. Fields and hedges ; differs from 

 C. muricata, of which it has been called a variety, and very dis- 

 tinct from C. cephalophora, of which it is made a variety in 

 "Mon. Cyp." p. 389. 



Spikelets 5-7, aggregated into a thick spike, the lower 2 often 

 a little remote ; fruit ovate, short-rostrate, scabrous on the upper 

 half, 2-toothed, plano-convex ; scale of the fruit ovate acutish, 

 short, scarcely half as long as the fruit ; stigmas 2 ; spikelets with 

 stamens at the upper part ; culm acutely 3-sided, leafy towards 

 the base, of a yellowish color, and from 1 to 4 feet high, usually 

 about 2 feet ; June ; hedges, open woods, or fields. 



Stem is sometimes decumbent from its weight ; grows highest 

 in hedges ; fruit falls off early. This plant was placed under 

 C. muricata, because it was nearer that, and from a desire not 

 to multiply species. There is little doubt that it was blended 

 with his C cephalophora by Muhlenberg ; but it cannot belong to 

 that plant. It is much nearer C. sparganioides in spikelets and 



