ANIMAL BEHAVIOR. 337 



Lloyd Morgan ^ so clearly pictures and ascribes to intelligence. 

 " Suppose," says Mr. Morgan, " the modifications are of vari- 

 ous kinds and in various directions, and that, associated with the 

 instinctive activity, a tendency to modify it indefinitely be inher- 

 ited. Under such circumstances intelligence would Jiave a tend- 

 ency to break up and retider plastic a previously stereotyped 

 instinct. For the instinctive character of the activities is main- 

 tained through the constancy and uniformity of their perform- 

 ance. But if the normal activities were thus caused to vary in 

 different directions in different individuals, the offspring arising 

 from the union of these differing individuals would not inherit the 

 instinct in the same purity. The instincts would be imperfect, 

 and there would be an inherited tendency to vary. And this, 

 if contimied, would tend to convert what had been a stereotyped 

 instinct into innate capacity ; that is, a general tendency to cer- 

 tain activities {mental or bodily), the exact form and direction of 

 zvhich are not fixed, until by trainifig, from iiuitatioii or through 

 the guidance of individual intelligence, it became habitual. Thus 

 it may be that it has come about that man, with his enormous 

 store of innate capacity, has so small a number of stereotyped 

 instincts y 



The following from Professor James ^ is suggestive : 

 " Nature implants contrary impulses to act on many classes 

 of things, and leaves it to slight alterations in the conditions of 

 the individual case to decide which impulse shall carry the day. 

 Thus, greediness and suspicion, curiosity and timidity, coyness 

 and desire, bashfulness and vanity, sociability and pugnacity 

 seem to shoot over into each other as quickly, and to remain 

 in as unstable equilibrium, in the higher birds and mammals as 

 in man. They are all impulses, congenital, blind at first, and 

 productive of motor reactions of a rigorously determinate sort. 

 Each one of them, then, is an instinct, as instinct is commonly 

 defined. But they contradict each other; experience, in each par- 

 ticular opporttmity of application, usually deciding the issue. 

 The animal that exhibits them loses the ' instinctive ' demeanor 

 and appears to lead a life of hesitation and choice, an intellec- 



1 Animal Life and Intelligence, pp. 452, 453. 



2 Psychology, II, pp. 392, 393. 



