A B 



D 



■^ «i- 



P, 



Fig. 42. Diagrams of carpel structure showing reduction of ovules, and fusion and 

 reduction of vascular supply. A to £, follicles: A, Hellchoms viridis, typical follicle, 

 with many ovules and three traces; B, Trollius laxus, ovules reduced in number, 

 traces to lost ovules persisting; C, Aquilegia canadensis, upper ovules and their 

 traces lost; D, Ht/drastis canadensis, all ovules but lower two lost, one of these 

 abortive; E, Waldsteinia fragarioidcs, all ovules but one lost, trace to one other 

 persisting. F to O, achenes: F to M, with basal ovule surviving; N, O, with an 

 upper ovule surviving. All with dorsal and ventral traces united at the base, in 

 some as far as the ovule, which then appears to be attached to the dorsal (F, G, 

 K, L, M). F, Geum rivals, with distal parts of all bundles present; G, Duchesnea 

 indica, dorsal and ventral bundles greatly shortened; H, Fragaria vesca, with dorsal 

 bundle greatly shortened; I, Agrimonia striata, with dorsal bundle lost beyond its 

 union with the ventral bundles; /, Ranunculus Ficaria, the ventral bundles re- 

 curving, not entering the style; K, R. Flammula, the ventral bundles greatly short- 

 ened; L, R. Cymhalaria, only vestiges of the ventral bundles persisting, the dorsal 

 bundle greatly shortened; M, R. aquatilis, the ventral bundles lost beyond the 

 ovule, the dorsal bundle continuing hardly beyond it; N, Potentilla recta, one ovule 

 surviving, others vestigial, the ventral bundles unreduced; O, P. canadensis, one 

 ovule surviving, the ventrals lost beyond the ovule. (From Eames and MacDan- 

 iels, adapted from Chute.) 



93 



