252 MORPHOLOGY OF THE ANGIOSPERMS 



(cauline), the vascular stele would expand, as in the rose flower and 

 fruit. 



The objection may be raised that the proliferated flowers and fruits 

 of the rose and pear are abnormalities and of little value in morpho- 

 logical interpretation. But each individual flower and fruit has the struc- 

 ture of the normal flower; the lower flower differs only in the prolifera- 

 tion of the receptacle. The proliferated apple flower and fruit is a 

 floral axis, and its appendages are modified in the primordium stage by 

 a stimulus to vegetative activity given by the seedling stock on which the 

 scion was grafted. 



Ontogeny of the Inferior Ovary. Ontogeny has been claimed to sup- 

 port the receptacular nature of the inferior ovary in the apple. The de- 

 velopment of this ovary by a conical or ring-shaped primordium is 

 considered evidence of cauline nature; if the ovary were made up of 

 appendages, there would be several or many primordia. It must be 

 remembered that the units entering into this compound structure are 

 congenitally fused and arise en masse. The tube of the gamopetalous 

 corolla, made up of fused petals, similarly arises from a simple meristem. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



See also Bibliography for Stamen 



Arber, A.: The interpretation of the flower: a study of some aspects of morphological 



thought, Biol. Rev., 12: 157-184, 1937. 

 Bailey, I. W., and A. C. Smith: Degeneriaceae, a new family of flowering plants 



from Fiji, Jour. Arnold Arb., 23: 356-365, 1942. 

 ■ and C. G. Nast: The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae. II. 



Carpels, Jour. Arnold Arb., 24: 472-481, 1943. 



and B. G. L. Swamy: The conduplicate carpel of dicotyledons and its 



initial trends of specialization, Am. Jour. Bot., 32: 373-379, 1951. 

 Bancroft, H.: A review of researches concerning floral morphology, Bot. Rev., 1: 



77-99, 1935. 

 Baum, H.: Uber die postgenitale Verwachsung in Karpellen, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr., 



95: 86-94, 1948. 

 : Die Stellung der Samenanlagen am Karpel bei Asclepias sijriaca, Ctjminchum 



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1949. 

 : Das Zustandekommen "ofi^ener" Angiospermengynozeen, Oesterr. Bot. 



Zeitschr., 96: 285-288, 1949. 

 -: Uber die "primitivste" Karpellform, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr., 99: 632-634, 



1952. 

 Blaser, H. W.: The morphology of the flowers and the inflorescences of the Cypera- 



ceae. Thesis, Cornell University, 1940. 

 Bonnier, G.: Anatomic de la rose a proliferation centrale, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 



28: 328-331, 1881. 

 Bosch, E.: Bliitenmorphologische und cytologische Untersuchungen an Palmen, Ber. 



Schweiz. Bot. Ges., 57: 37-100, 1941. 



