450 MORPHOLOGY OF THE ANGIOSPERMS 



to form a unilocular ovary. The palms seem to show that syncarpy has 

 arisen by the union of both open and closed carpels. 



The carpels are primitive in their sessile or subsessile stigmas (a few 

 have short styles) but advanced in their solitary, subbasal ovule. The 

 ovule is specialized in its massive structure, filling the ovarian cavity, 

 and in its frequent adnation to the carpellary wall. The two integuments 

 show steps in fusion. Fusion among the floral organs is common and 

 of many types, but there are no inferior ovaries. 



The palms give evidence of great age; they are a basically primitive 

 taxon that has become greatly diversified and advanced in many 

 characters, each character giving evidence of long specialization. There 

 is fossil evidence of great age — evidence of their certain presence in 

 the Jurassic and probable presence in the Triassic. And the leaves of 

 PropaJjnophylhmi are costapalmate, an advanced type; the palms seem 

 to have advanced far in leaf form by Jurassic time — from simple to com- 

 pound, and from pinnately compound to costapalmate. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Ranales 



Winteraceae 



Bailey, I. W., and C. G. Nast: The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae. I. 



Pollen and stamens, Jour. Arnold Arb., 24: 340-346, 1943; II. Carpels, Jour. 



Arnold Arb., 24: 472-481, 1943; VII. Summary and conclusions, Jour. Arnold 



Arb., 26: 37-47, 1945. 

 Dandy, J. E.: The Winteraceae of New Zealand, Jour. Bot., 71: 119-122, 1933. 

 Hotchkiss, A. T.: Chromosome numbers and pollen-tetrad size in the Winteraceae, 



Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 80: 49-53, 1955. 

 Hutchinson, J.: The family Winteraceae, Keiv Bull, I92I: 185-190. 

 Nast, C. G.: The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae. VI. Vascular 



anatomy of the flowering shoot. Jour. Arnold Arb., 25: 454—466, 1944. 

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Arnold Arb., 24: 119-164, 1943. 



: Studies of Papuasian plants. V, Jour. Arnold Arb., 23: 417-443, 1942. 



: The American species of Drimys, Jour. Arnold Arb., 24: 1-33, 1943. 



Tucker, S. C: Ontogeny of the inflorescence and the flower in Drimys winteri var. 



chilensis, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot., 30: 257-336, 1959. 



Lactoridaceae 



Challenger Expedition: Rpt. Sci. Results Bot., III. Rpt. Bot. Juan Fernandez and 



Masafuera, 1884. 

 Engler, A.: tJber Familie der Lactoridaceae, Bot. Jahrb., 8: 53-56, 1886. 

 McLaughlin, R. P.: Systematic anatomy of the woods of the Magnoliales, Trap. 



Woods, 34: 3-^9, 1933. 

 Philippi, R. A.: l)ber zwei neue Pflanzen-Gattungen, Verhl. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 



15: 517-524, 1805. 



