222 THE STUDY OF PLANT COMMUNITIES • Chapter IX 



FlG. 108. Forest stages of old-field succession (continuing Fig. 107). (1) 

 Fully stocked 15-year loblolly pine, which has eliminated all old-field herbs 

 and under which hardwood seedlings may be found, (2) 26-year pine, under 

 which saplings of gum, red maple, and dogwood are noticeable, (3) 50-year 

 pine stand in which hardwoods, including oak and hickory, have formed an 

 understory, (4) oak-hickory climax forest, of the type that could develop on 

 an old field after 200 years or more. 183 — Photo (1) by C. E Korstian. 



