NARROW-LEAVED EVERGREENS 



12 Conspicuous leaves needle-like; scale-like leaves sometimes 



also present 13 



12 Leaves like scales, spikes or wedges ; sometimes more than one 



type on a tree • 22 



13 Needles in spirally arranged clusters of 2-8 along twig 



PINE (PINUS) "^ 



13 Needles in whorls of 3 at nodes on twig.JUNIPER (JUNIPERUS) •" 



13 Needles in a whorl of 15-30 at tip of twig 



UMBRELLA PINE (SCIADOPITYS) 



13 Needles in clusters on spurs and scattered singly on leading 



shoots CEDAR (CEDRUS) 



13 Needles always scattered, never in clusters or whorls 14 



14 Leaves curved, with a keel or ridge on each surface; under 



surface not paler than upper 



JAPANESE CEDAR (CRYPTOMERIA) [^ 



14 Leaves not as just described 15 



15 Twigs bearing cushions or ridges from which leaves grow 16 



15 Twigs without cushions and almost smooth 21 



16 Leaf-arrangement obviously spiral; each leaf growing from a 



peg of the leaf-cushion, usually sharp-tipped or 4-sided or 



both SPRUCE (PICEA) '^ 



16 Leaf arrangement usually apparently 2-ranked or forming a 



V-shaped trough; leaves never on pegs but sometimes 

 petioled *■' 



17 Leaves usually blunt-tipped or notched, sharp-tipped only when 



finely toothed or spirally arranged; short-petioled 



HEMLOCK (TSUGA) ;. 



17 Leaves always sharp-tipped, but not with above combination.... 18 



18 Leaves finely toothed, not petioled, bearing white bands on 



under surface CHINA-FIR (CUNNINGHAMIA) 



18 Leaves entire, sometimes petioled 19 



19 Twigs not opposite to one another; leaves sharp — ^but not 



spiny-tipped, paler on under than on upper surface but 



without light bands YEW (TAXUS) 



19 Twigs nearly opposite to each other; leaves sometimes spiny- 

 tipped, always with light bands on under surface 20 



8 



