SCALES. See BUD-SCALES, SILVERY SCALES, BARK SCALES, 

 SCALES (LEAVES). 



SCALES (LEAVES). Usually evergreen. Small, usually overlapping 

 like shingles, pressed against the twig so as to cover it ; opposite 

 margins not parallel, often curved ; too broad and curved to resem- 

 ble spikes. 



SCURFY. Coated with small scales or granules. 



SESSILE. Literally, sitting. Growing directly from the twig (if 

 leaves) without petiole. 



SHAPE. Outline as traced by the margin of a surface. 



SHEATHING. Enveloping. 



SHREDDING. Peeling off in strips. 



SHRUB. A bushy woody plant having several stems instead of one 

 trunk ; often less than 12 ft. (4 m.) high. 



SHRUBBY. Broad and low, but fulfilling the requirements for a tree, 



SIDE-BUD. A bud growing from the side of the twig. The top side- 

 bud often looks like an end-bud, but may be told from it, if the end- 

 bud is absent, by the tip of the stem alongside it. 



SILVERY SCALES. Tiny flakes, sometimes glistening, found on 

 twigs, leaves and buds. 



SIMPLE LEAVES. Blade undivided into separate sections; indenta- 

 tions, if any, not reaching to midrib. A simple leaf differs from a 

 leaflet because it has a bud in its axil. 



SOLITARY BUD. Only one bud in a leaf-axil. 



SPECIES. A division of a genus. The word is the same in singular 

 and plural. Hard to define, but easy to illustrate. Ex. a sugar ma- 

 ple is a species of the genus maple. In writing the scientific name 

 the species name stands after that of the genus and usually begins 

 with a small letter. This KEY does not extend to species. They 

 may be found in the books listed under REFERENCES. 



SPIKES, SPIKE-LIKE, SPIKY. Having sides which slant towards 

 each other, making a sort of long triangle. Spikes usually flare 

 away from the twig. 



SPINE. A sharp-pointed projection or thorn which takes the place of 

 a leaf, a bud, or a twig; and so is located at or near a node, or at 

 the end of a twig. 



SPINY-POINTED, SPINY-TOOTHED. The tip or the teeth of the 

 leaves ending in sharp, pricking projections. 



SPIRALLY ARRANGED. Only one leaf at a joint on a twig. A 

 string touching such a leaf and then going in turn to each leaf 

 above it would make a spiral. If the third and first leaves were in 

 the same straight line the arrangement would be two-ranked. If 

 the fourth leaf were over the first the arrangement would be three- 

 ranked, etc. Four ranks are never found in a spiral arrangement. 



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