MARINE ANIMALS THAT STING 99 



have passed. The patient should remain in the hospital for a mini- 

 mum of 24 hours. Additional antiserum may be required. It is 

 important that the patient be given continual reassurance. An 

 adequate maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance is required. 

 Vomiting and increased sweating should be noted on the patient's 

 chart. Antibiotic therapy may be required to control infection. If 

 sedatives are required, a barbiturate or intramuscular paralde- 

 hyde is recommended. Because of their respiratory depressant 

 effects, morphine and its derivatives are contraindicated. Feeding 

 by gastric intubation, or intravenous fluids, may be required because 

 of lockjaw. In the event of respiratory paralysis, the management 

 of the case will be similar to that of bulbar poliomyelitis, and may 

 require intubation, tracheotomy, and the aid of a respirator. De- 

 layed effects from sea snake venom are unknown; if recovery 

 occurs, it is rapid and complete. 



Prevention. The bulk of recorded attacks have occurred among 

 fishermen working with their nets in the vicinity of river mouths. 

 In most instances, the attacks have resulted because of provocation 

 of the snake. Individuals wading, and divers working, around 

 rocky crevices, piers, and old tree roots inhabited by sea snakes 

 should be aware of the danger. Despite the reputed docility of sea 

 snakes, an attempt should be made to avoid handling or coming in 

 contact with them. If bitten, try to exercise as little as possible 

 and seek immediate medical help. 



