XIV DIRECTORY OF ZOOLOGICAL TAXONOMISTS 



The second group of capitals (after the colon) shows the zoographic realms 

 as above. 



The colon (:) separates either the ecological from the geographical or the 

 paleontological from the geographical. Where the colon is present, it is always fol- 

 lowed by the geographical abbreviations (or by a question mark). 



Examples: "Fossils: Doe, J. (P:?)" means Paleozoic with geography unspecified. 

 "Fossils: Doe, J. (P-M)" means Paleozoic to Mesozoic. "Fossils: Doe, J. (T:N)" 

 means Tertiary of Nearctic. "Parasites of mammals: Doe, J. (m:W)" means marine 

 (mammals) of World. "Euglenoidina: Doe, J. (N, P, E)" means Nearctic and Pale- 

 arctic and Ethiopian, 



Thus, the small letters always show ecology. The final letter or letters, if there 

 is a colon, always show the geography. The first of two groups of capitals separated 

 by a colon always shows the geological range. A capital or group of capitals (with 

 hyphen or commas) show geography unless the heading is "Fossils," when they 

 show the geologic period. 



Inasmuch as the limits of some of the regions and time zones had to be arbi- 

 trarily set, the extent of each is given here. (It is not intended to imply that these 

 are the "correct" limitations, — merely that they are the ones used herein.) 



WORLD, of course, covers all land areas or all oceans. 



NEW WORLD, includes Nearctic, Neotropical, and surrounding seas. 



OLD WORLD, includes Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, and Oceania. 



TROPICS, includes all regions except Nearctic, Palearctic, Arctic, and Antarctic. 



HOLARCTIC, includes Nearctic, Palearctic, and surrounding seas. 



NEARCTIC, includes America north of Mexico, Greenland, and surrounding seas. 



NEOTROPICAL, includes Mexico, Central America, South America, and the 



West Indies, with surrounding seas and islands. 

 ATLANTIC OCEAN, from European and African western shores to eastern 



shores of America, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. (Includes oceanic 



islands therein.) 



PALEARCTIC, includes Europe, North Africa to the Tropic of Cancer, Arabia, 

 the Near East, Iran, Afghanistan, Asia north of the Himalayas, China north 

 of the Yangtze, and Japan, with included and surrounding seas and islands. 



PALEOTROPICAL, includes Ethiopian, Oriental, Indian Ocean, Australian, 

 Oceania, and Pacific Ocean. 



ETHIOPIAN, Africa south of the Sahara Desert, Madagascar, with surrounding 

 seas. 



ORIENTAL, includes Pakistan, India, southern China, and south to Singapore, 

 the Malay Archipelago to Wallace's Line, the Philippines, and Taiwan 

 (Formosa). 



INDIAN OCEAN, from southern Asia to the Antarctic and from Madagascar to 

 Australia, with included islands. 



AUSTRALIAN, includes Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and surrounding 

 seas. 



OCEANIA, the islands from Wallace's Line east to Easter Island, from New 

 Guinea and the Tuamota Archipelago to the Hawaiian and Mariana Islands. 



PACIFIC OCEAN, the entire sea area from Alaska to the Antarctic and from 

 the Asian coast to the west coasts of America. (Terrestrial animals would 

 be cited as Oceania.) 



ARCTIC, the circumpolar seas north of the Nearctic and Palearctic, sometimes 

 including Greenland, Iceland, and the northern edges of Asia and America. 



