PHYSIOLOGY 175 



(b) Functions: Promotes tone in alimentary tract, stimulates appetite, 

 essential for normal growth, essential for carbohydrate metabolism. 



(c) Effects of deficiency: Beri-beri (neurodigestive disturbance following 

 diet of polished rice), loss of tonus and muscular activity of digestive 

 tract. Cessation of growth. Polyneuritis develops in birds. 



2. Eiboflavin (Cj.HjoOeN^). 



(a) Sources: Eggs, liver, milk, green leaves, yeast. 



(b) Functions: Necessary for growth, active relation to several enzymes 

 with intermediate metabolism of food. 



(c) Effects of deficiency: Irritation and inflammation at corners of 



mouth in human (cheilosis). '^ Yellow liver" of dogs. ^'Curl-toe" 

 paralysis of chickens. Dermatitis of turkeys. 



3. Nicotinic Acid (CsHgNOz) — antipellagric. 



(a) Sources: Meat, liver, egg yolk, green leaves, wheat germ, yeast. 



(b) Functions: Produces active ''coenzymes" (I and II), balances cel- 

 lular function. 



(c) Effects of deficiency: Pellagra in primates (man and monkeys). 

 Black-tongue in dogs. Swine pellagra. 



4. Bg or pyridoxine (CgHijOsN). 



(a) Sources: Milk, liver, cereals, yeast. 



(b) Functions: Necessary for growth. May influence oxidation of food. 



(c) Effects of deficiency: Paralysis in chickens. 



5. Pantothenic acid (C9H17O5N). 



(a) Sources: Liver, milk, egg yolk, yeast, molasses, peanuts. 



(b) Functions: Essential for growth. 



(c) Effects of deficiency: Graying in black rats. Dermatitis in rats and 

 chickens. 



6. Biotin (C10H16O3N2S). 



(a) Sources: Egg yolk, yeast, cereal grains, molasses. 



(b) Functions: Essential for growth. 



(c) Effects of deficiency: Thickening of skin and dermatitis in chicks 

 and rats. 



III. Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid (CeHgOe) — antiscorbutic-water-soluble. 



(a) Sources: Citrus fruits, tomatoes, turnips (most mammals except pri- 

 mates and guinea pig can synthesize this vitamin). 



(b) Functions: Maintains structure of capillary walls. 



(c) Effects of deficiency: Scurvy in human and guinea pig (bleeding in 

 mucous membranes, beneath skin and into joints). 



IV. Vitamin D (C28H44O) — antirachitic. 



(a) Sources: Tuna and cod-fish liver oils. Exposure of skin to ultra- 

 violet radiation. 



(b) Functions: Eegulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Ee- 

 quired for normal growth and mineralization of bone. 



(c) Effects of deficiency: Soft, deformed bones in young (rickets). Soft 

 bones (osteomalacia) especially in women of the orient. 



