94 Zoology of Colorado 



The Orange-crowned Warbler (V. celata of Say) differs by being 

 olive green above, and the crown patch is orange. Oberholser has 

 proposed a subspecific name (V. c. orestera) which includes the 

 Colorado form. The Tennessee Warbler (V. peregrina) has no 

 orange or red crown-patch, and the under parts are grayish white 

 instead of the dull yellow of V. celata. The back is olive green, 

 with the head and neck ashy brown, or in young birds green like 

 the back. This bird occurs on the eastern plains in migration, 

 and occasionally reaches the foothills. MacGillivray's Warbler 

 (Oporornis tolmiei of J. K. Townsend) is very common in the sum- 

 mer, and breeds up to 11 ,000 feet in the mountains. The head, 

 throat and breast are gray, back olive green, under parts mainly 

 yellow. There are crescentic white marks above and below the eye. 

 The Western Yellow-throat (Geothlypis trichas occidcntalis) is pe- 

 culiarly marked, the male having a broad black band across the 

 forehead, enclosing the eyes, extending over the cheeks, and end- 

 ing in a point behind. The bird is olive green above, yellow be- 

 low. The female is tinged with brown and lacks the black mark- 

 ing. This is a bird of the plains and foothills, rarely reaching the 

 high mountains. The Pileolated Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla pileo- 

 lata of Pallas) is common in the summer, breeding at high alti- 

 tudes. The crown is glossy blue black (or paler in the female), 

 the back yellowish green, the under parts yellow. The forehead, 

 eyebrow and cheeks are variably yellow. Pallas originally de- 

 scribed the bird from Alaska, in the days when that was Russian 

 territory. 



MOTACILLIDAE 



The wagtails (Motacilla) are among the most characteristic 

 birds of the Eurasian continent, but are absent from America, 

 except as stragglers on the Pacific coast. The pipits, associated 

 with them on structural grounds, have an entirely different ap- 

 pearance, brownish streaked birds with much shorter tails. There 

 are nine primaries, and the hind toe has a long nearly straight 

 claw. The American Pipit {Anthus spinoletta rubescens) breeds 

 in Eastern Siberia, and in the northern and mountainous parts of 

 America, while in winter it extends over the United States and 

 even into Central America. It is very abundant in Colorado dur- 

 ing migration and may be found breeding at high altitudes, even 



