xxxii REMARKS TO THE STUDENT 



show more real knowledge of relationships than one drawn by a per- 

 son who is merely facile with hand and eye. It is necessary in science 

 to be clever with the head, even more than with the hands. In every 

 large class there are those who are painfully handicapped in a mechan- 

 ical way, but whose intelligence is of a high order. These may never 

 make remarkable drawings, but they can learn zoology. We have 

 dealt at length with the technique of such drawing because it is a 

 very practical difficulty with many students. This should not lead to 

 the impression that we regard the drawing as an end in itself, nor that 

 good laboratory work can be done only by those who are skilled in 

 this particular. Nor should it appear that there is no other technique 

 in the study of zoology. 



In conclusion, we may speak of the equipment necessary for such 

 work. Good paper is a prime necessity. For pencil work. Whiting's 

 "Linen Ledger" is very satisfactory for ordinary uses and not expen- 

 sive for a drawing paper. Byron and Weston's "Linen Record" is a 

 much better paper and suitable for pen as well as pencil. Standard 

 drawing pencils should always be used, 4 H for most work, and 3 H 

 or 2 H for special purposes as found by experience. E. Faber's 

 "Ruby" eraser is good for general purposes, and E. Faber's "Van 

 Dyke" for sponging out dark lines. Pencil sharpeners may be used, 

 but the good draftsman puts the final touches on his own pencil with 

 a pencil file. A simple compass is convenient in the drawing of larger 

 organisms. In advanced courses, ink drawings are required in many 

 laboratories. Water-proof drawing ink is used, and special drawing 

 pens such as the "crow-quill." For beginners the pencil is best, be- 

 cause it can be corrected by erasure unless too sharp a point or too 

 much pressure has been used. 



The Laboratory as a Place of Study. — In addition to its function 

 as an opportunity for obtaining first-hand knowledge, the laboratory 

 gives opportunity for training in observation and interpretation. As in 

 all real education, you must train yourself. The teacher can insist 

 upon a high standard of excellence and furnish opportunity and inspi- 

 ration, but education is within you. Carefulness, accuracy, independ- 

 ence, and, above all, honesty are requisites of all good work in sci- 

 ence, whether of student or investigator. The requirement of labora- 

 tory drawing often tempts students to substitute for their own original 

 figures copies of what other students have done, or to draw upon 

 figures in textbooks. This, of course, is cheating pure and simple, and 

 when detected must be dealt with on that basis. A more common 

 shortcoming is a form of self-deception and dependence familiar to 

 instructors. One often finds that the same mistake is repeated by all 



