98 Phylum Protozoa 



peritoneally, intramuscularly, or intravenously. The technique for 

 intravenous inoculation has been described by Taliaferro and Taliaferro 

 ( 1929). It is to be recommended where heavy infections are desired, and 

 particularly for such species as normally produce light infections (P. 

 rouxi and P. elongatum). 



It is highly desirable to keep all normal and infected birds in screened 

 cages in order to avoid the possibility of mixing infections through the 

 bites of mosquitoes. A cage which has been found to be satisfactory for 

 this purpose is the mosquito-proof, metal cage shown in figure 43. 



HAEMOPROTEUS INFECTIONS IN PIGEONS 



Since the asexual forms of Haemoproteus do not inhabit the blood, 

 it is not possible to maintain these infections by blood transfer as 

 described above for infections with Plasmodium. The transference of 

 these infections has been accomplished by tissue transplants from infected 

 bird to normal bird, but it is a difficult method and rarely meets with 

 success. We are, therefore, almost entirely dependent upon the insect 

 host for transmission of the infection. 



A great many species of birds carry Haemoproteus infections in nature. 

 Of the domestic birds, pigeons and doves are satisfactory for laboratory 

 hosts. All known vectors of avian Haemoproteus belong to the Hip- 

 poboscidae, a family of ectoparasitic flies. The species found commonly 

 on pigeons in tropical and subtropical regions, Pseudolynchia maura, 

 may be satisfactorily grown in the laboratory and used for the transmis- 

 sion of Haemoproteus columbae (Huff, 1932) [See p. 447]. 



References 

 For Coccidia see p. 89. 



Bibliography 



Huff, C. G. 1932. Studies on Haemoproteus of Mourning Doves. Amer. J. 



Hyg. 16:618. 

 Reichenow, E. 1932. Die Entwicklung von Proteosoma circumflexum in Theo- 



baldia annulata nebst Beobactungen liber das verhalten anderer Vogelplasmodien 



in Miicken. Jenaische Zeitschr Naturwiss. 67 Festschr. p. 434. 

 Taliaferro, W. H., and Taliaferro, L. G. 1929. Acquired immunity in avian 



malaria. J. Prev. Med. 3:197. 



Class Ciliata 



CULTURE MEDIA FOR OPALINIDAE* 



THERE seem to be three major desiderata in culturing Opalinids: 

 ( 1 ) To supply predigested food. ( 2 ) To avoid free oxygen in the cul- 

 ture fluid. (3) To avoid contamination of the culture medium. None of 



♦Abstracted from a paper in Science 72:561, 1930, by Maynard M. Metcalf. Johns 

 Hopkins University. 



