55 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



threw them on my garden. Now, 3 hours after a rain, you can go in 

 there and the ground works very nicely. That ground was subsoiled 

 not less than 16 inches deep. Everything I have pat in I have sub- 

 soiled, my nursery, Hi acres of young orchard, and everything except 

 3 acres of potatoes, I have put in by subsoiling. When I strike a stone 

 I take it out. Some of my ground is worked 18 inches deep. Cow peas 

 is the best thing I know of to prevent ground running together. 



Mr. Warren — If you succeed in getting clover started, it is also a 

 good thing. Lots of land in this part of the State has a tendency to 

 run together. If you will set a patch to clover and then after a while 

 turn that clover under it is a great help to the soil. I don't see how a 

 man is going to subsoil new land. It has been said that the stones are 

 on the top, but in subsoiling 12 or 14 inches you will strike lots of stone 

 and some large ones. It is easy to plant an orchard after the ground 

 is in shape. Is it best to plant, first clearing the land of stumps and 

 subsoil, or would you leave the stumps in the ground 1 



Mr. Gilbert — I have kept ground moist and the results are wonder- 

 ful, and it seems to me that irrigation and subsoiling are great helps. 

 We plow deep at our house. We put 4 mules on Mr. Hartzell's plow, 

 and we ride that plow deep. I shipped it up to friend Nelson, but he 

 does not use it. It cannot be used in rock, for our ground is all rock. 



RASPBERRIES. 



Mr. Kirchgraber — I have never tried the Hopkins, and cannot 

 €ay anything about it. I have seen them grow, however. We have 

 a berry that was found in the woods by a man named Freeman. He 

 propagated it, and it seems to be a success as far as I have tried it, 

 and I have them 7 and 8 years old. I think we will raise a fine crop 

 of berries this year, as these black-caps are free from disease. 



President — Have you noticed any disease on the berries'? 



For the last two years it has been affected like the Hopkins. My 

 patch is in fine shape now. 



Mr. Lamm — I do not believe we can raise raspberries on the prairie 

 unless we shade them. That is my experience. I think they grow 

 nicely, but not on prairie soil. Fruit is not all we are after. 



President — Have you a deep soil ? 



No, sir. 



President — Why didn't you subsoil ? 



The plants grow good, but they do not last. The second year they 

 go down. I have some cherries in the orchard that I have shaded, and 

 they are looking lots nicer then those not shaded. 



