80 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



outer and older leaves taken off; the raspberry and blackberry need 

 the old cane cut off to about six inches in length ; the grape needs only 

 four or five buds to make its best growth; the peach and Wild Goose 

 plums should be cut back severely ; the apple and pear only moderately^ 

 and the cherry and foreign plums very slightly indeed. In fact, 

 remember this and it will be a good guide : That the harder the wood, 

 the less it should be cut ; all trees should be pruned with a special 

 leader, center branch, and the other branches at right angles to the 

 main branch. 



FIFTH, THE CULTIVATION, 



Which should be done in a very systematic manner. If you have to 

 plant anything in the orchard, plant corn, and as soon as the trees begin 

 to bear, then stop the cropping, unless you put something back on the 

 land again to feed the trees, such as cow-peas, clover, ashes or manure. 

 Clover I always fear to recommend for nearly everyone is apt to leave 

 it on the ground too long. 



At least one good plowing should be given the orchard each year 

 and then cultivation during the summer with the single plow, disc 

 harrow and double shovel. Our small fruits and vineyards need the 

 best of cultivation during the whole of the summer to get the best 

 growth and sure results. The fact that the principle of cultivation is 

 just as necessary to the plants and trees in the ground as feed and care 

 is to our animals, or as cultivation is to the corn crop. As you would 

 expect no corn crop without good care, just so look at your orchards 

 and "go and do likewise." 



SIXTH, AFTER CARE, 



Will depend entirely upon the plant or vine or tree. A good rule to 

 follow is not to cut off anything unless you can give a reason for it. 

 The strawberry may have all its runners kept off or not, just as you 

 plan to keep your bed : the raspberry and blackberry need topping off 

 at the height of 2 to 3 feet and the superfluous shoots taken off; the 

 grape needs only those vines let grow for fruiting and for shade of its 

 crop of fruit. The peach and Wild Goose plum and Keiffer pear need 

 to be cut back each year more or less severely according to their 

 variety and growth. 



The apple and pear need very little cutting, only to keep it in 

 shape, while the cherry and damson plum need no cutting at all. 

 Better always cut too little than too much, and remember while the 

 trees and plants are young that you cannot get good root growth unless 

 you get good leaf growth, and you cannot get good leaf growth if you 

 are continually pruning or pinching during the whole summer. The 



