SUMMER MEETING AT CHILLICOTHE. 5i 



been used, and, while we are satisfied that the treatments can be carried on in a 

 paying manner with these, we believe that machines can be devised that will do 

 the work much more rapidly, if not quite as eflectively. The Knapsack pumps are 

 now being manufactured and sold by numerous firms throughout the country who 

 make a specialty of fungicide and insecticide machinery. In all cases where a 

 Knapsack pump isused, or any pump for that matter, the improved Vermorel noz- 

 zle will be found one of the most effective instruments for making the spray. One 

 of the special advantages of this nozzle is that it does not clog. Knapsack pumps 

 provided with Vermorel nozzles complete, and of the best quality, are now on the 

 market at $14 each. For spraying seedling and yearling apples it is safe to esti- 

 mate one Knapsack pump for every 500,000 trees: that is, working every day it wil 

 take one man, on an average, 12 days to get over a block, or several blocks, of seed- 

 lings or yearlings, aggregating a half million trees. From these figures it is pos- 

 sible to get a fair idea of the number of men and machines required to do a certain 

 amount of work. The amount of work, of course, will vary directly as the amount 

 of leaf surface, so that if 1000 or 10,000 pears, cherries or other trees have twice 

 the leaf surface of an ordinary seedling or yearling apple, it will require twice the 

 work to spray them. 



Last year we devised a machine which, with two men and a horse, did the 

 "work of four Knapsack pumps. 



It consists of the following parts : O.ie Nixon Climax pump, No. 2, 20 feet of 

 .^-inch hose, 1 sled, 1 half barrel, and 1 improved Vermorel nozzle. 



The figure shows how these are put together, so that nothing further need be 

 said OQ this point. We would, in this connection, however, call attention to the 

 style of machine we shall use the coming season for this work. The pump in this 

 case is also a Nixon, and is designed especially for mounting on a barrel. It is 

 provided with two discharge hose, making it possible to spray four rows at a time. 

 In case both hose are used, it will be an easy matter to rig up an arm to carry one 

 hose over the tops of the trees into the row adjacent to the one in which the ma- 

 chine is running. To enable each man to spray two rows conveniently, and 

 without loss of time and fiaid, it would probably be well to use four nozzles. This 

 may be arranged by means of a Y having the perpendicular arm provided with a 

 ^-inch female screw-thread for attaching to the hose. Tsvo pieces of ^ inch cloth 

 insertion hose, each three feet long, can be fastened to the short arms of the Y by 

 simply wiring them on, thus effectually dividing the stream. The nozzles being 

 attached to the free ends of the J-lnch hose enables the operator to spray two rows 

 without difficulty, whether they be 2J, 3, 4, or even 5 feet apart. In using this 

 apparatus three men will be required, one to drive and pump and two to manage 

 the nozzles. The machine operated in this way will certainly do the work of five 

 Knapsack pumps. 



We have found it very difficult to do good work in this way if the horse is 

 kept constantly on the move. For this reason we have adopted the following plan : 

 Each piece of hose is 25 feet long, which gives the operator full control over 

 at least 20 feet resting upon the ground. In beginning work, the horse is driven 

 into the row 20 feet and stopped. The pump is then worked and the spraying im- 

 mediately begins. When the sprayers have traversed 16 or 18 feet, spraying two 

 rows as they advance, the horse is started again and stopped once more after cov- 

 ering 20 feet. In the meantime the pump his not stopped, except for a moment, and 

 no break at all has occurred in the spray. A horse or mule soon learns to stop at 

 the proper time, so the driver can give practically all of his attention to the pump. 



