260 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



spores ; they are sexual or winter spores. Ascospores are contained^ 

 when mature, usually to the number of eight, in thin-walled asci, and 

 these in turn within thick-walled cavities called perithecia. Prof» 

 Halstead very closely describes the fertilization of the gooseberry 

 mildew. These ascospores are the result of similar fertilizations. He 

 says, in substance : " The process of the fertilization of the gooseberry 

 mildew is essentially the same as that with any ovule among flowering 

 plants, but stripped of all the appliances seen in intricate blossoms,, 

 and, therefore, reduced to the simplest terms." To reply to those that 

 claim that fungi have no seed., 1 will quote Dr. Halstead further : "As 

 the result of fertilization in the young ovule, there arises the seed and 

 whatever may surround the seed or seeds, namely, the fruit. Tn the 

 same manner, the product of fertilization in the mildew under consid- 

 eration is a ' fruit,' which includes the spores and their surroundings."" 



Black-Rot of the Grape ( Phyalospora Bidwellii, Sace.)— Here 

 is a case where we have four distinct spore forms, viz. : Stylospores 

 enclosed in little cavities, called pycnidia ; next spermagonia, a spore 

 form not yet fully understood ; conidia and sporida ; the latter is the 

 same as ascospores, except that it consists of more than one cell. The 

 principal spore form, through which the parasite in question is usually 

 propagated, are the stylospores. They germinate readily in water, but 

 are not supposed that they retain their germinating power through the 

 winter, but that the sporida are the special reproductive bodies for 

 that purpose. The only way to work against this parasite seems to be 

 to prevent the germination of these spores with salts of copper, for 

 the plant-body is too deeply seated to expect good results from cura- 

 tive remedies. 



Anthracnose, — The grape, raspberry and beans usually suffer from 

 this fungi. Of late years a great deal of damage has been done by this 

 pest on raspberries, especially so on Shaffer's Colossal. This variety, 

 with other black-caps that I had near them, I was compelled to grub 

 up and burn on account of anthracnose a year ago, and since that I 

 have tried in vain to get new plants from places where the canes were 

 free of the disease. It seems to act like a canker on young cane& 

 once infected. I think it is a hard matter to do anything against it 

 where it gets a good hold, among Shaffer's Colossal at least. 



I know of but one spore form. The spores seem to be cemented 

 together with some white substance. The actual presence of water is 

 required to dissolve this cement, after which the spores are set loose^ 

 They germinate very rapidly in water. For further information see my 

 notes on the subject in 34th annual report of Missouri State Horticul- 

 tural Society. 



