500 'STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 



Heavy Sand. This soil is not extensive being found in the lowlands and 

 swails. The surface is usually a sand or a light phase of sandy loam, con- 

 taining a high content of organic matter. The subsoil usually consists of a 

 few inches of sand resting on the tight subsoil. 



Drainage. Where the clay subsoil is within two feet of the surface the 

 drainage problem is just as complex as in the heavy land. On the ridges 

 and where the clay subsoil is below 24 inches drainage is not a difficult problem. 

 Outlets and natural drainage are well established but field drains are not 

 common. The greater part of the field drains are open surface ditches. 

 The cost of installing tile drains is practically as great as in the heavier 

 lands and the returns from such land are usually smaller, as a result the 

 constructing of permanent drains has not been extensive. While surface 

 drains carry away considerable water during the wet season they afford 

 rather inefficient means of drainage. Field results show that tile drains are 

 the most effective when properly installed and where the clay is near the 

 surface, laterals should be placed from 4 to 6 rods apart for best results. 



Fig. 10. — Plowing heavy land when wet results In poor tilth. Careful attention to the water content 

 of these soils when plowed or trampled by livestock Is essential to their most successful management. 



