EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 



399 



lished. A very noteworthy example of the success of the efiforts to bind 

 drifting sand was found at Manistee on a dune known as Creeping Joe, 

 a large formation formerly covering one hundred or more acres. This 

 dune is shown in figs. 6 and 7, in 1904, about two years after the Govern- 

 ment planting was made. Very extensive plantings of beach grass, 

 covering the face toward the lake, were established uniformly and 

 reached to the crown of the main dune. Where permanent jjlanting of 

 black locust, Carolina poplar, spruce or pine was made in groups or 

 blocks a crust was formed by the grass and tree rOots which held the 

 sand. Where no tree planting was made and where grass was depended 



Fig. 8. Black Locust growth in a clump on the southwest slope of Creeping Joe. Govern- 

 ment planting of 1902-3. This tree resisted successfully the burying action of the sand 

 while spruce, larch, pine and flr were killed. Patches of marram remain in the protected 

 spots. 



upon solel}' to form the cover, frequent breaks occurred which gradually 

 widened until all signs of grass or o^her growth were totally lost. (Fig. 

 S.) The poplars completed the ;rust and windbreak, but were not suited 

 to form a permanent cover. Blocks of black locust and spruce were used 

 which have formed a permanr^nt cover, and in 1914, twelve 3'ears after 

 planting, these blocks were withstanding the wind and sand action per- 

 fectly. (Fig. 8.) On the arras where only grass was used as a cover 

 nothing remained in 1914. Several places were found where poplars 

 had been planted in 1902. (Fig. 9.) These were gradually being over- 

 come by the sand but still plent}' of shelter was provided by the growth 

 present to insure establis'iment of a permanent forest. Such was the 

 condition found at the crest of the once active dune twelve years after 

 the' temporary plantingr. of grass and poplars. At any time during the 

 interval of this dozen years a planting of permanent forest trees could 

 have been made with every chance of success. There were several note- 

 worthy examples of blocks of permanent planting on the windward side 

 of the dune as shown in Figs. 8 and 10. No permanent planting followed 

 the grass planting, ^he result being that the block of locust shown in 



