EXPERIMENT STATION REPORTS. 153 



carried on along lines shown by previous experiments to give the best 

 results, a series of experiments have been taken up to test the value 

 of sulfur-lime mixtures as fungicides. The test included not only 

 a trial of some of the commercial brands now upon the market, using 

 them at the rate of one part to fifty parts water, but we are com- 

 paring them with a home-made mixture containing three pounds sulfur 

 and five pounds lime in fifty gallons. These are being used upon all 

 kinds of fruits not only to test their value as fungicides, but to see 

 what efi'ect, if any, they will have upon the control of plant lice, scale 

 insects, curculio, codling moth, etc. While this remed}^ is not pleasant 

 to apply when used at the above strength, it is comparatively inex- 

 pensive, particularly if it serves the double purpose of fungicide and 

 insecticide, and its use should be adopted as a substitute for Bordeaux 

 mixture and arsenicals. 



COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS. 



An increased amount of attention has been given to cooperative ex- 

 periments with various fruit and vegetable crops in different parts of 

 the state. These may be classified as spraying, fertilizer and cultural 

 methods. 



Spraying. As a result of experiments carried on for a number of 

 years, we have demonstrated conclusively that apple scab and codling 

 moth can be readily controlled by spraying. For many years it has 

 been claimed that no benefit can be derived from the spraying of apple 

 trees unless the work is done within ten days after the petals have 

 fallen as the calyx will be closed, thus making it impossible to place 

 any of the poison inside the calyx, hence later sprays could not prevent 

 the entrance of the codling moth larva. So far as the codling moth 

 itself is concerned, we are never greatly impressed with the benefit of 

 this first application as the larvae does not appear until from three 

 to five weeks after the petals have fallen and in the case of most 

 varieties, it is difficult to deposit any of the poison in the calyx during 

 the first week after the petals have fallen as the filaments of the stamens 

 fill the tube. We would, however, emphasize the importance of spray- 

 ing at this time, with Bordeaux mixture and an arsenical in order to 

 coat the fruit and leaves, to prevent both the attack of fungi and apple 

 scab and to destroy such leaf-eating insects as may be upon the trees. 



So far as the codling motb is concerned, however, the application 

 made two or three weeks later has been found even more effectual. The 

 eggs of the first brood are almost entirely deposited upon the leaves 

 and as the small fruits are always several inches awav. the larvae must 

 feed upon the leaves before reaching the fruit. It Avill also generally 

 be well to spray the trees two weeks later for the apple scab, as well 

 as for any belated larvae of the codling moth. The value of one or 

 two applications in August for the control of the second brood has also 

 been brought out during the year, as where the trees were thoroughly 

 sprayed during the first half of August very little injury was done, 

 while trees that did not receive attention at that time, although 

 thoroughly sprayed during May and June, suffered seriously from this 

 insect. While one application in August has generally given good re- 

 sults, in some cases where serious injury has been done by the codling 

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