No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 3» 



cial orchards to spray each tree just at the right time. But we be- 

 lieve thai it ought to be as uear to that time as possible. Because 

 we cau control the scale just as well then and we believe better, and 

 we can also control a number of other insects as well. The green 

 aphids or plant lice hatch from an egg laid near the bud and com- 

 mence to feed on the tender tissues of the bud. They belong to the 

 sucking insects and can be controlled at this time. The blister mite 

 winters over in the scales of the bud and as soon as these condi- 

 tions exist, they come forth and commence to feed on the tender 

 leaves. These are also controlled. The cigar case borer which 

 winters over in the larva stage, covered with a tough brown covering 

 in the shape of a cigar from which it takes its name, as soon as 

 there is food for it, comes forth and can be controlled also. The bud 

 worm winters over in the larva stage; as soon as these conditions 

 arise it commences feeding upon the opening buds and leaves. It 

 is also controlled by this late spray. There are also a number of 

 other insects that are controlled by a spray at this time. 



The lime sulphur also possesses a fungicidal value and we also 

 spray for such fungi diseases as apple scab, sooty fungus and other 

 fungus diseases, spores from these disease will soon be loosened by 

 the thousand. With the tree well covered with this material, the 

 conditions are such that they cannot take root and grow, hence you 

 see how important it is that this application should be made at the 

 right time or as near as possible. The spraying must be done very 

 thoroughly if we expect to succeed in controlling the insects. The 

 second spraying should be done just after the blossoms drop, and 

 before the lobes close up ; this usually occurs eight to ten days after 

 the blossoms fall. This spray is for the enemies of the fruit. The 

 materials are diluted lime sulphur solution. One gallon of con- 

 centrate to 25 gallons of water and 2 pounds of arsenate of lead to 

 each 50 gallons. It has been found that nearly all the larva of the 

 codling moth enter the apple at the calix end, hence it is necessary 

 that we force our s]»ray in the calix cup as well as to cover the 

 foliage with spray. The egg for the first brood of the codling moth 

 are laid on the leaves or some smooth surface near the cluster of 

 apples. They hatch and probably feed for a short time on the foli- 

 age, then enter the calix end of the apple. It is necessary then that 

 we cover the foliage as well as fill the calix cups with spray material. 

 The operator should be on a tower or platform from six to nine feet 

 high so that he can look directly in the calix end of the apple and be 

 in a position to force the spray into the calix cups. This spray is 

 not alone for the codling moth but there are numbers of others that 

 we can control. The apple curculio, whose feeding punctures causes 

 our apples to be knotty, also feeds on the foliage and we can control 

 it. This insect is always worse in sod mulch orchards or wliere 

 the orchard joins the woods, because these conditions offer ideal hid- 

 ing places for them to breed. Clean tillage will destroy many of 

 these insects and all leaf eating insects such as tent caterpillar, green 

 apple worms, and canker worms will be controlled. 



We still have a weak contact insecticide, which will kill all young 

 scale. It contains fungicide for the fui'ther control of scab, sooty 

 fungus, bitter rot, and frogeye fungi. This is an important spray 

 and should be very thorough. The third spray should be made about 

 thirty days after the second. In an orchard where spraying has 

 been done for years and a good system of orchard management has 



