352 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. 



tree after it has been pruned. You will notice that we only have left 

 three branches; 1 don't like to have more than three or four. You 

 will notice also that the head is well separated. These are rather 

 close together, but that does not make any difference because we have 

 the other part in the top and that head will never break. If the 

 three came out at one place, there would be danger of its breaking. 

 We have cut them back. 1 like to keep them even over the top, be- 

 cause it makes a nicer, rounder tree. 



Here we have a three year old tree before pruning. This was the 

 first year's growth cut to the second year, cut to here. I believe in 

 cutting up trees to one year, that is cutting to the outside buds, you 

 notice as they were cut here. The next slide shows the tree after 

 it has been pruned. We have thinned out these branches, getting our 

 leaders, but we are not cutting back this year. W^e cut back for 

 two reasons: First, to stouten this part there; secondly, to spread 

 the head. Now we are going to let this tree branch because it will 

 branch right here at all the terminals, and then the following year, 

 if it needs cutting back instead of cutting to an outside bud, we will 

 be cutting an outside branch; that will spread the tree faster and 

 give fruit sooner. Here we have a slide taken in Clarion county 

 showing the tree before pruning. We had to cut the tree out very 

 hard to establish our leaders; that meant that there were no small 

 limbs in here and it leaves the tree very bare. I simply give these 

 two slides to show what you would do with a tree of that age that 

 had never been pruned. 



Here we have a five year old winesap in full bloom. It has been 

 pruned, as is shown in the other pictures. It spreads nicely, is not 

 thick in the center and is not very high. The next slide shows 

 the tree with the apples on it and gives you an idea of what the 

 stamen winesap will do at that age. Here we have a seven year old 

 smokehouse, a very beautiful tree, one of the most beautiful I have 

 ever seen in the State. That is in full bloom. Here we have a 

 seven year old stamen winesap. Some of these pictures were taken 

 in my own orchard ; the others were not. There is a tree that picked 

 about four bushels of apples, seven years of age, and all the apples 

 were first-class and perfect. 



This slide shows us the way not to prune an apple tree. You will 

 notice that this picture was taken just after the man had finished; 

 you can see the branches, the limbs, lying down here in the snow. 

 He left several stubs here to hang up his coat or hat in the fall when 

 he went out to pick apples, and that is a thing we don't want to leave. 

 This is the thing that has given us all of our rotton trunks. You 

 often find apple trees with rotten trunks and it was due to the fact 

 that at some time the man who went out here to prune left a stub of 

 that kind. If a limb is cut close to the collar, it will always heal, 

 but if you cut it that way, it will never heal. The rot fungi start 

 in here and work back through the line and down into the trunk and 

 the result is that the tree is permanently injured. Here we have a 

 tree pruned differently. It shows a 20 year old start. This picture 

 was taken just before pruning and not after and the result is we 

 have quite a number of small branches that should come out. I 

 have given you the slide to show the build of the tree. This is 

 another tree in the summertime; it is just as easy to grow trees of 

 that kind as the one I showed you several slides back. The only 



