354 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc 



and wax it as you see in this illustration here. That is a rather 

 hard operation, but oftentimes we can get them to grow very easily 

 and save the trees in that way. 



Here we have a young tree that has been top grafted, a six year 

 old tree, that turned out to be a wdld tree, so we put on another 

 variety and you will notice we have grafted four limbs and then 

 left these side limbs for shade. In two or three years all those 

 side limbs will come olf and we will have the new top coming 

 on there. Here we have an old tree that has been top grafted. It 

 shows one year's growth. This picture was taken this spring just 

 after the leaves had come out. The ends of the limbs have been 

 gi-afted and on the side of the tree we have some water sprouts 

 growing up that we have left there to grow for shade. Eventually 

 all those water sprouts will come out and Ave will have a new tree. 

 This shows a twenty-year-old gano at home, and there is one thing 

 I want to call your attention to and that is that it was necessary to 

 prop this tree, due to the fact that it had not been thinned properly. 

 If the tree had been thinned properly, there would have been no 

 occasion for the props. Here we have a stamen winesap of the 

 same age. You will notice that that tree was thinned properly and 

 no props are needed, with the result that the apples are a great 

 deal better on a tree of that kind. 



This is a slide showing the work of the apple leaf hopper. It is 

 a serious trouble, but oftentimes you will notice it working on your 

 young trees disfiguring the leaves in that way. I merely cive you 

 the slide so you will be able to recognize the trouble. It is not 

 serious. You don't need to pay much attention to it. Here is one 

 of the most serious'^ apple or pear or peach diseases in the State of 

 Pennsylvania, that is tlie fire blight; it is the worst disease we have 

 in the southern part of the State, doing a great deal of damage. 

 You will notice all these dead twigs here have been blightecf. The 

 only thing we can do is to cut it back, cut out the dead twigs. 

 Always cut back into the new wood and then watch your fertiliza- 

 tion. You will find that the trees fed too heavily with nitrogenous 

 fertilizers will always blight more than a tree not fed so heavily. 

 This is a slide showing the codling moth. Mr. Fassett explained 

 that and I will not waste any time on it. Here we have a sprayer 

 that does very good work in a hillside orchard. You will notice the 

 wheels are very low and you can spray on a steep hill before there 

 is any danger of the machine toppling over. This is the last slide 

 and shows the finished product. That is the kind of apple that we 

 grow when we do everything just riijht. When you have apples of 

 that kind, you have no trouble in disposing of them and you have 

 no trouble in finding a market and always at good prices. Let's 

 have the lights, please. 



Now we have a few minutes more and there are one or two things 

 T would like to take up because I believe they are rather important, 

 and we have gone over this cultural proposition "here very rapidly ; 

 but there is one thing T w^ant to bring up in particular, and that 

 is, if you are going into the apple business and you are going to 

 take care of those apples, let's do all of the operations right. T 

 believe that is very important. During the last six or eight months, 

 T have spent considerable time in looking up the cost of the produc- 



